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Pathology > Spinal Pathologies > Flashcards

Spinal Pathologies Flashcards

0
Q

What opens facets?

A

Flexion, side bend, and rotation

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1
Q

Osteophytes

A

Extra calcium build up

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2
Q

Spondylosis

A

Osteoarthritis of the spine

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3
Q

Spondylolysis

A

A crack, stress fracture, also called pars stress reaction

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4
Q

Spondylolisthesis

A

Vertebral body slips forward off of the vertebra below because the stress fracture worsens

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5
Q

Wiltse classification

A
  1. Dysplastic: congenital abnormality
  2. Spondylolytic: pars lesion
  3. Degenerative
  4. Traumatic
  5. Pathological
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6
Q

Cause of Pars breaks

A 
Repetitive forced lumbar hyper extension
Sudden growth spurt
Increase in training or frequency
Improper technique
Poor posture
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7
Q

Meyerdings classification

A

Grades 1-5

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8
Q

Diagnosing Spondy

A 
Painful return from FB
painful extension and rotation and side bend
Step deformity
Referred pain
Shortened stride
Neurological involvement
Imaging tests
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9
Q

Treatment of Spondy

A 
Restructured activity to pain free limit of motion
Antilordotic bracing (8-12 weeks)
Minimum of 4-6 weeks conditioning post brace
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10
Q

Grade 1 and 2 slippage

A

Immobilize with torso brace followed by exercise progression

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11
Q

Grade 3 and 4 slippage

A

Bracing if there are limited signs and symptoms

Spinal fusion

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12
Q

Spinal stenosis

A

Narrowing of the lumbar canal

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13
Q

Causes of spinal stenosis

A 
Osteophytes 
Hypertrophied ligamentum flavum
Hypertrophied facets 
Centrally herniated disc
Iatrogenic 
Tumor
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14
Q

Stenosis diagnosis

A 
Claudicant pain 
Relief in flexion, pain in extension
Sensory loss
Extremity weakness
Saddle area numbness
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15
Q

Clinical presentation of stenosis

A 
Hyper reflexive DTRs LE
LE weakness
Diffuse dermatomal involvement 
Possible balance impairment
\+ babinksi
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16
Q

Treatment of stenosis

A 
Work on activities to increase mobility an decrease spinal compression:
Stretching
Massage
Increase flexion ROM
positional distraction to open facets
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17
Q

Lumbar radiculopathy

A

Irritation of one or more lumbar nerve roots due to compression (usually L5 and S1)

18
Q

Causes of radiculopathy

A

Herniated disc
Facet arthritis
Local inflammation
Tumor

19
Q

Causes of disc injury

A 
Poor posture (flat back is the worst)
Obesity
Smoking
Occupation
Improper lifting 
Vibration
Repetitive compressive and rotational forces
20
Q

Clinical presentation of radiculopathy

A 
Complaint of LBP
radicular pain 
Loss of dermatomal sensation
LE weakness
Intolerance to sitting
Flexion or extension pain patterns
21
Q

Radiculopathy diagnosis

A 
Dermatomal involvement 
Myotome weakness
Diminished deep tendon reflexes
Well SLR test
Imaging
22
Q

Lumbar disc herniation classifications

A

Protrusion
Prolapse
Extrusion
Sequestered

23
Q

Protrusion

A

Slight out stretching of posterior aspect of annulus and the neurovascular capsule

Instability, ligamentous pain, occasional leg pain

24
Q

Treatment for protrusion

A

Postural correction
Mckenzie
Stability
Endurance exercises

25
Q

Prolapse

A

Signs and symptoms similar to protrusion only now leg pain may be more frequent and neurological signs may be presented

26
Q

Treatment for prolapse

A

Work in decreasing radicular pain first
Posture correction
Stabilization exercises when tolerable
Endurance exercises

27
Q

Extrusion

A

Outer annulus torn, nucleus starting to escape but staying close to annulus

28
Q

Treatment for extrusion

A

Acute manage: ice, rest, back brace
For two weeks allow outer annulus to heal

After week 2:
Work on leg pain
Positional distraction
Manuel traction 
Mechanical traction
Modalities for pain
29
Q

Sequestered

A

Nucleus is completely ruptured out

30
Q

Treatment for sequestered

A

Surgery
Discectomy
Laminar tommy
Fusion

31
Q

Facet syndrome

A

Pain in one or more facets due to
Trauma causing synovitis
Trauma or awkward movement causing facet entrapment

32
Q

Diagnosis of facet syndrome

A

Palpate for malalignment
Assess spinal segment mobility
Rule out other spinal pathologies
Determine level and side of problem

33
Q

Treatment for facet syndrome

A

Ice, estim
Joint manipulation
Postural distraction
Corrective exercises

34
Q

Chronic non specific low back pain

A

Does not have confirmed spinal pathology

35
Q

Diagnosing CLBP

A

Present >3 months
Other diagnoses have been ruled out
Segmental instability

36
Q

Treating CLBP

A

Medical
Cognitive emotional
Physical

37
Q

Back strains

A

Local muscle injury causing pain with palpation

Limitation in bending

38
Q

Treatment classification groups

A 
Extension syndrome
Flexion syndrome
Mobilization
Traction
Immobilization
39
Q

Stability of the lumbar spine requires

A

Passive stiffness

Active stiffness

40
Q

Force closure

A

Using exercise to provide stabilizing closure across the joints

41
Q

Form closure

A

Being in weight bearing with ligament and bones in tact

42
Q

Impaired diaphragmatic breathing

A

Disuse of lower abdominal muscles and the resulting lowered resting position of the diaphragm

Pathology (4 decks)

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