facility construction process
programing phase- deciding what to build
design phase- designing with architects
construction phase-
occupancy phase
2 primary ways to build a sports facility
determine how much money is available then fit facility into budget
planned approach- examine what is needed and then developing an ideal facility within rough cost constraints
owners representative
middle person between the owner and those who build the facility (architects, construction managers, and contractors)
request for qualifications
one of the first elements within bidding process
determines which companies meet the minimum requirement for building the facility
builder criteria
length of company existence relevant project experience expertise and experience of engineering staff past experience state or other required licensure letters of rec past record of coming within budget
turnkey contract
construction company builds the facility with little input from future owner when construction is completed the construction company turns the building keys over to new owner
design/build contract
owner rather than builder provides the land and may control the schedule and budget
construction options
lump sum
construction management
guaranteed max price
turnkey
documentation- contract drawing
site drawings architectural drawings structural drawings plumbing drawings mechanical drawings electrical drawings
grubbing
process of removing tree stumps, bushes, and other undergrowth
foundational material
wood
concrete
steel
substructure
the level at and below ground level
superstructure
everything above the substructure and includes the frame, columns, beams, and trusses
structural load
the weight of the building and all the items in it
millwork
the wood, plastic, or metal components with customized finishes
70%of all sports floors installed in the US each year are made of …
maple- durable, long lasting, flexible, easy to maintain, veery attractive
lasts 70-100 years
american buildings consume ___% of the nations total energy and ___% of all electricity used
30% and 60%
green design
the process of creating energy efficient buildings
life cycle costing
the total cost of a building or equipment over its life includes initial construction, energy cost, maintenance and repairs
value based engineering
forces a developer to examine shortcuts that could save money but not compromise the look or safety of the facility
6 standard budget items for a new building
preliminary cost architectural fee construction cost furniture, fixtures, and equipment insurance cost contingencies
direct cost
cost to build the facility; includes material and equipment cost and workers fees
indirect cost
cost for construction project including printing cost , attorney fees, and profit
HVAC
heating ventilation air conditioning
cost of an HVAC
20-25% of a facility’s cost
heating transference systems 3
warm air
hot water
steam
most popular cooling system
vapor compression system
people consider comfortable and pleasurable temp % humidity
64.4F- 77F
30-60%
tempeture and humidity according to acsm
68F-72F
below 60% humidity
factors affecting heat load
- number of people in a facility
2. their activity
acsm recommends how many air exchanges per hour in a gym
8-12
external air quality can be influenced by…
smells
chemicals
biological elements
physical components and pollutants
ambient lighting
naturally occurring light such as sunlight coming through windows
lamp
refers to any source of light (ex: candle, flashlight, torch, spot light)
output produced by any lamp is measured in …
lumens
light intensity
measured in foot candles
direct lighting
light that is directed downward from a fixture
indirect lighting
from ceiling fixtures focuses the light against the ceiling so that 90% of the light energy is reflected back to the floor from the ceiling
diffuse lighting
reflects only 40-60% of the light energy back from the ceiling to the ground
rigging
entire system utilized to suspend items from a facilities roof
new energy efficient lights
compact fluorescent lights (CFL)
light emitting diodes (led)
glare
light that is hard on viewers eyes
trespass
light that was intended to go into one area but also enters into another area
sky glow
light that is directed or reflected upward and is wasted in space
50% of total energy cost originate in the…
kitchen
energy audit
examines where energy usage and energy losses are coming from
pressure
carries water up floors, if not enough pressure a water circulating pump must be used
trap
U shaped pipe under a fixture tat contains a certain amount of water
vents
allow air to circulate within the drainage system to prevent wastes from coming up through the traps
gray watering
using previously used water from one place in another place
fire suppression systems
wet pipe sprinkler system dry pipe sprinkler system deluge sprinkler system preaction misting and fogging standpipe/hose system chemical system
ambient sound
naturally occurring sounds
4 types of overhead spectator protection
small sun canopy
full roof canopy
domes
retractable roofs
changeover
the process of transforming a facility from one event surface to another event surface
most challenging - ice to another surface
floor covers to cover ice
plywood pressed paper sheets laminated wood with foam coore polyethylene shell with foam core thermo formed uurethane foam sheets with fiberglass
greatest amount of time taken in a changeover
seating areas
primary surfaces used in gyms
wood and synthetic
solid maple floor last
40-80 years
turf grass
cool season 60-75F
warm season 80-95F
types of cool season turfgrass
kentucky bluegrass-slow growth
perennial ryegrass-cant handle excessive traffic
tall fescue - most tolerant but slow growing
types of warm season turf grass
bermuda - most common foot soccer and football
zoysia
seasshore paspalum- golf
aeration
the process of opening channels in the soil so that the air, water, and nutrients can flow through the soil and compaction is avoided
core aerators
vertical action aerators. piston like action drives hollow metal tines into the ground
most effective but most time consuming
circular or drum aerator
rolling drums with spikes
time efficient by can also cause damage
slicer aerators
provide the least compaction relief but also creates the least surface disruption.
slicers use triangle shaped knifes to cut thin slits into the ground
greatest amount of time spent on a lawn
mowing
fertilizing
pest control
operation and maintenance activities normally account for….
5-15% of a facility’s total expenditures
how long should a roof last
15-20 years
audit
identifies the biggest concerns and the areas needing the greatest amount of time or money
benchmarking
the process of establishing industry norms or standards by which a facility can compare its operations to make sure it is efficient
effective MM&R system entails
planning and programming, budgeting, staffing, supervising, and evaluating
planning process classifies work into 6 basic scheduling categories
inspection and repair only when absolutely necessary
cyclical repairs (every___ years )
preventive maintenance- maintaining according to pre-established standards
breakdown maintance
repair projects
general house keeping
alteration
a change that allows a facility, system, or pice of equipment to perform a function different from the one it was originally designed for
measuring maintenance auditing effectiveness
performance
work quality
priority
sustainability
a holistic approach to protecting the environment by incorporating design practices and materials taht use energy most efficiently
marketing
the concept of packaging product and services in the right way, at the right time, in the right environment, to encourage individuals to buy
four p of marketing
product
place
price
promotion
market segmentation
the process of examining who will want to use or purchase a given product
psychographics
peoples actions and thought processes
geodemographics
customers and potential customers based on where they live or base their business
commercial rights
assets owned by a facility that can be sold, leased, or borrowed by others for a price, includes naming rights and pouring rights