1
Q
What does a small-to-medium-sized star like the Sun then become?
A
Unstable and ejects it’s outside layer of dust and gas
2
Q
What does this leave behind?
A
A hot, dense, solid core - white dwarf
CGP GCSE Physics
flashcards
Decks in class (237)
# Cards
-
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0
-
Speed and Velocity are Both How Fast You’re Going5
-
Acceleration is How Quickly Velocity is Changing6
-
Distance-Time Graphs Tell You How Far Something has Travelled8
-
Velocity-Time Graphs can have a Positive or Negative Gradient7
-
Gravity is the Force of Attraction Between All Masses7
-
Weight and Mass are Not the Same10
-
The Very Important Formula Relating Mass, Weight and Gravity6
-
There are Loads of Different Types of Force8
-
You Can Draw the Forces Acting on a Body4
-
Friction is Always There to Slow Things Down13
-
You can Investigate the Motion of a Toy Car on a Ramp7
-
You Could Play Around with the Experimental Set-up7
-
First Law - Balanced Forces Means No Change in Velocity4
-
Second Law - A Resultant Force Means Acceleration5
-
Resultant Force = Mass x Acceleration5
-
Resultant Force is Real Important - Especially for ‘F = ma’5
-
The Third Law - Reaction Forces7
-
Vectors Have Size and Direction - Scalar Quantities Only Have Size6
-
To Work Out Resultant Force You Need to Combine Vectors1
-
Moving Objects Can Reach a Terminal Velocity5
-
The Terminal Velocity of Falling Objects Depends on Their Shape and Area11
-
Hooke’s Law Says that Extension is Proportional to Force7
-
You Can Investigate Hooke’s Law with a Spring9
-
Hooke’s Law Stops Working when the Force is Great Enough8
-
A Material Can Return to its Original Shape After an Elastic Deformation2
-
Many Factors Affect Your Total Stopping Distance3
-
Thinking Distance4
-
Braking Distance9
-
Momentum = Mass x Velocity3
-
Momentum Before = Momentum After3
-
Forces Cause Changes in Momentum11
-
A Moment is the Turning Effect of a Force6
-
The Centre of Gravity Hangs Directly Below the Point of Suspensión8
-
A Question of Balance - Are the Moments Equal?2
-
Forces are Not Always Equal Across All Supports3
-
And if the Moments are Not Equal...2
-
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0
-
The Properties of a Circuit13
-
The Standard Test Circuit4
-
Five Important Points4
-
Mains Supply is a.c, Battery Supply is d.c6
-
There’s a Formula Linking V and I5
-
Four Hideously Important Current-Voltage Graphs5
-
Light-Emitting Diodes are Really Useful4
-
Some Components Can Change Resistance9
-
Series Circuits - All or Nothing10
-
Parallel Circuits - Everything is Independent13
-
Charge Through a Circuit Depends on Current and Time3
-
When a Charge Drops Through a Voltage it Transfers Energy10
-
Appliances must be Earthed or Insulated11
-
Earthing and Fuses Prevent Fires and Shocks4
-
Circuit Breakers Have Some Advantages Over Fuses10
-
Resistors Get Hot When an Electric Current Passes Through Them7
-
Electrical Power and Fuse Ratings9
-
Electrical Appliances Transfer Energy Electrically2
-
Like Charges Repel, Opposite Charges Attract3
-
Conductors Conduct Charges - Insulators Don’t4
-
A Static Charge Cannot Move13
-
As Charge Builds Up, So Does the Voltage4
-
Investigating Static Electricity4
-
Gold-Leaf Electroscope7
-
Suspending a Charged Rod3
-
Van de Graaf Generators Make Your Hair Stand on End4
-
Inkjet Printer5
-
Photocopier5
-
Clothing Crackles2
-
Lightning2
-
The Fuel-Filling Nightmare4
-
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0
-
All Waves Have Wavelength, Frequency, Amplitude and Speed6
-
Wave Speed = Frequency x Wavelength2
-
Waves Can Be Transverse or Longitudinal8
-
All Waves Transfer Energy and Information Without a Transferring Matter6
-
Two or More Waves Moving Together Have Wavefronts4
-
The Doppler Effect Makes Waves Longer or Shorter6
-
There are Seven Types of Electromagnetic (EM) Waves7
-
Radio Waves are Used Mainly for Communications6
-
Microwaves are Used for Satellite Communication and Heating Food9
-
Infrared Radiation is a Used for Heating and to Monitor Temperature7
-
Light Signals Can Travel Through Optical Fibres5
-
Visible Light is Also Useful for Photography4
-
Ultraviolet is Used in Fluorescent Lamps6
-
X-Rays Let Us See Inside Things6
-
Gamma Radiation Can be Very Useful For Sterilising Medical Equipment2
-
Gamma Radiation Can be Very Useful For Sterilising Food3
-
Some EM Radiation Can be Harmful to People3
-
Higher Frequency EM Radiation is Usually More Dangerous4
-
Reflection of Light Lets Us See Things13
-
Waves Can be Refracted7
-
Draw A Ray Diagram for a Refracted Wave9
-
Rays Passing Through a Glass Block are Refracted Twice10
-
Triangular Prisms Disperse White Light3
-
Every Transparent Material Has a Refractive Index8
-
Find the Refractive Index of Glass a Using a Glass Block6
-
Use Semicircular Blocks to Show Total Internal Reflection13
-
You Can Use Snell’s Law to find Critical Angles4
-
Optical Fibres and Prisms Use Total Internal Reflection7
-
Sound Travels as a Wave11
-
An Oscilloscope Can Display Sound Waves6
-
Loudness Increases with Amplitude3
-
The Higher the Frequency, the Higher the Pitch8
-
Find the Period of a Wave on an Oscilloscope to get its Frequency4
-
You Can Use an Oscilloscope to Measure the Speed of Sound7
-
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0
-
Energy is Transferred Between Energy Stores14
-
There is a Principle of Conservation of Energy2
-
Most Energy Transfers Involve Some Losses, Often by Heating4
-
You can Calculate the Efficiency of an Energy Transfer2
-
How to Use the a Formula - Nothing to It3
-
We Generally Can’t do Anything Useful with Wasted Energy3
-
A Ball Rolling Up a Slope3
-
A Bat Hitting a Ball3
-
An Electric Kettle Boiling Water2
-
A Battery-Powered Toy Car3
-
A Bunsen Burner and Beaker3
-
The Thickness of the Arrow Represents the Amount of Energy5
-
Energy Transfer by Heating can Happen in Three Different Ways6
-
Thermal Radiation Involves Emission of Electromagnetic Waves6
-
Conduction - Occurs Mainly in Solids4
-
You Can do an Experiment to Demonstrate Conduction5
-
Convection of Heat - Liquids and Gases Only2
-
The Immersion Heater Example8
-
You Can See Convection Currents Using Coloured Crystals4
-
You Can Reduce the Rate of Energy Transfer8
-
You Can Investigate Emission of Thermal Radiation With a Leslie Cube12
-
‘Work Done’ is Just ‘Energy Transferred’5
-
And Another Formula to Learn2
-
Power is the ‘Rate of Doing Work’ - I.e How Much per Second5
-
Movement Means a Energy in an Object’s Kinetic Energy Store6
-
Raised Objects Store a Energy in Gravitational Potential Energy Stores6
-
Falling Objects Also Transfer Energy3
-
Non-Renewable Energy Resources Will Run Out One Day6
-
Most Power Stations Use Steam to Drive a Turbine5
-
Advantages of Fossil Fuels3
-
Disadvantages of Fossil Fuels3
-
Nuclear Reactors are Just Fancy Boilers7
-
Wind Farms - Lots of Wind Turbines4
-
Geothermal Power - Heat from Underground8
-
You Can Capture the Sun’s Energy Using Solar Cells11
-
Solar Water Heating Panels4
-
Cooking with Solar Power3
-
Wave Power - Lots of Little Wave Converters8
-
Tidal Barrages Generate Energy When the Tide Goes In and Out8
-
Hydroelectricity - Catching Rainwater11
-
Pumped Storage Gives Extra Supply Just When it’s Needed6
-
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0
-
Density is Mass per Unit Volume7
-
You Can Find the Density of an Object from its Mass and Volume3
-
Pressure is Force per Unit Area8
-
Pressure Differences in Liquids and Gases Depends on Density4
-
Kinetic Theory Can Explain the Three States of Matter18
-
Evaporation is a Special Example of Changing States9
-
You Can Obtain a Temperature-Time Graph for Water6
-
Absolute Zero is as Cold as Stuff Can Get - 0 Kelvins7
-
Energy in Particles’ Kinetic Energy Stores is Proportional to Temperature9
-
Particle Theory Says Colliding Gas Particles Create Pressure8
-
At Constant Temperature ‘pV = Constant’2
-
At Constant Volume ‘p/T = Constant’2
-
Specific Heat Capacity Relates Temperature and Energy11
-
You can Find the Specific Heat Capacity of Water12
-
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0
-
Magnets Produce Magnetic Fields5
-
Magnetic Field Patterns can be Seen Using Compasses3
-
Magnetism can be Induced8
-
A Current-Carrying Wire Creates a Magnetic Field3
-
The Magnetic Field Around a Straight Wire2
-
The Magnetic Field Around a Flat Circular Coil2
-
The Magnetic Field Around a Solenoid4
-
Magnetic Materials can be ‘Soft’ or ‘Hard’7
-
A Current in a Magnetic Field Experiences a Force14
-
Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule Tells You Which Way the Force Acts3
-
4 Factors which Speed up a Simple D.C Electric Motor9
-
Loudspeakers Work Because of the Motor Effect4
-
Electromagnetic Induction1
-
The Dynamo Effect - Move the Wire or the Magnet10
-
A.C Generators - Just Turn the Coil and There’s a Current9
-
Transformers Change the Voltage - but Only Alternating Voltages8
-
The Transformer Equation - Use it Either Way Up5
-
Transformers are Nearly 100% Efficient So ‘Power in = Power Out’2
-
Transformers Make Transmitting Mains Electricity More Efficient5
-
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0
-
At the Centre of Every Atom is a Nucleus8
-
Isotopes are Atoms with Different Numbers of Neutrons6
-
Radioactive Decay is a Random Process6
-
Background Radiation is Everywhere All the Time2
-
Nuclear Radiation Causes Ionisation4
-
Alpha Particles are Helium Nuclei7
-
Beta Particles are Electrons8
-
Gamma Rays are Very a Short Wavelength EM Waves9
-
You Can Identify the Type by its Penetrating Power3
-
You can Investigate the Penetration of a Radiation14
-
Balancing Nuclear Equations4
-
The Radioactivity of a Sample Always a Decreases Over Time6
-
Measuring the Half-Life of a Sample Using a Graph4
-
Medical Tracers Use Beta or Gamma Radiation8
-
Radiation is Also Used to Treat Cancer4
-
Food and Equipment can be Sterilised Using Gamma Rays4
-
Radiation is Used in Industry for Tracers and Thickness Gauges10
-
Ionising Radiation Can Damage Cells and Tissues8
-
Exposure to Radiation is called Irradiation3
-
Contamination is Radioactive Particles Getting onto Objects4
-
Radioactive Waste is Difficult to Dispose of Safely5
-
Nuclear Power Stations use Nuclear Fission Chain Reactions1
-
Nuclear Reactors Have to Work-Safely10
-
Nuclear Fusion - Joining Small Nuclei7
-
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0
-
We are Part of the Milky Way Galaxy9
-
Our Solar System has One Star - The Sun7
-
Gravity Provides the Force That Creates Orbits9
-
The Force due to Gravity Depends on Mass and Distance9
-
There are Different Types of Orbit5
-
You can Calculate Orbital Speeds3
-
Stars can be Classified by their Colours13
-
You can Compare Brightness using Absolute Magnitude9
-
You can See Different Types of Star on the Hertzsprung-Russell Diagara,6
-
Waves are Affected by the Motion of the Source5
-
Light from Galaxies is Red-shifted6
-
Calculating Red-shift1
-
Red-shift Suggests the Universe is Expanding5
-
There’s Microwave Radiation from All Directions4
-
This Evidenced Suggests the Universe Started with a Bang5
-
Microwaves4
-
Infrared4
-
Ultraviolet4
-
Gamma5
-
The Transformer Equation - Use it Either Way Up5
-
Stars 1.1
-
Stars 2.5
-
Stars 3.4
-
Stars 5.2
-
Stars 6.3
-
Stars 7.3
-
Stars 8.6
-
Stars 4.5
-
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0
-
Burgess mini test37
