Statistics Flashcards
XX% of values will be within 1 standard deviations of the mean.
XX% of values will be within 2 standard deviations of the mean.
XX% of values will be within 3 standard deviations of the mean.
68% of values will be within 1 standard deviations of the mean.
95% of values will be within 2 standard deviations of the mean.
99% of values will be within 3 standard deviations of the mean.
In multivariate analysis - if you have greater variables - what type of error is more likely to occur?
Type 1 error - False positive
1 year of QALY =
1 year of average health
OR
1 year of perfect health
1 year of perfect health
Which drug administration route will reduce drug bioavailability?
Oral
- Because orally you will have to go through first class metabolism through the liver
Why is oral paracetamol more slowly absorbed in a neonate?
Delayed gastric emptying
Bioavailability of a drug is an important measure of…
First pass metabolism
Volume distribution is dependent on …
body composition
Lipophillic drugs are at higher concentrations in neonataes as compared to older children - because they have little fat
What is the most important liver enzyme enzyme responsible for drug metabolism?
CYP3A4
Which enzyme is responsible for caffeine metabolism?
CYP1A2 - low activity at birth and increases in infancy
What is the half life of caffeine in neonates?
3-4 days
Which antibiotics commonly increases Carbamazipine levels?
Erythromycin
Is Carbamazepine and inducer or inhibitor ?
Inducer!
Which drug commonly increases cyclosporin levels to toxic levels?
Erythromycin (inhibits metabolism)
GFR increases until which age?
2y
Thus kids require less frequent drug dosing
Hydrophillic drugs based on which weight?
And Lipophyllic drugs?
Hydrophillic - IBW
Lipophillic - TBW
What is the benefit of adding Allopurinol when someone is on 6-MP
Increases the 6-TG/6-MMP ratio
6-TG provides the myelosuppressive/therapeutic benefits
6-MMP is responsible for the hepatotoxic side effects
(both are metabolites)
Ceftriaxone not used in which age group?
Neonates below 28 days
can cause calcium deposition
Does Fluclonazole increase or decrease levels of Tacrolimus?
Increases the levels
Warfarin interacts with which juice?
Grapefruit juice and increases the INR
Phenytoin interacts with…
Reduces absorption and also binds/chelates with calcium products
What is the difference between pharmokinetics and pharmacodynamics?
The pharmacokinetics is what the body does to the drug
The pharmacodynamics are what the drug does to the body
What receptors does Amiodarone work on?
Volate gate K channel
What is the purpose of Phase I clinical trial?
To assess the side effects and tolerability of the medication with difference drug doses (Looks at safety - pharmacokinetics is key) - find the recommended dose for phase II
What is the mechanism of action of MDMA?
Indirect serotonin and adrenaline receptor agonist
