Strayer Unit 9, pt.1 (ch.14) Flashcards
By 2000, fossil fuels provided what percent of the energy fueling economies across the world?
80%
What invention allowed the widespread access to electricity we have today?
electric grids, initially begun developing in 19th century. Originally created in industrialized countries but spread significantly afterwards - by 2014, about 85 percent of the global population had access to internet (whether reliably or not)
What was the significance of electrification in countries?
It was cheaper than burning oil or gas for light. Also, it meant that there could be light all throughout the night - students could study more, athletes could train later, workers could work any time of the day.
What was the significance of the introduction of the internal combustion engine?
It was incorporated into the build of automobiles, led to the decline in the use of horses for transportation, and transported people and consumer goods far faster and far more efficiently. Because it’s powered by fossil fuels, the popularity of the automobile in shaping the daily lives of people has been a major contributor to CO2 emissions.
What launched the beginning of automobiles becoming widely available?
The creation of Henry Ford’s Model T car in 1908
Explain the significance of the communication revolution.
The communication revolution began in the 19th century with the creation of the telephone and the telegraph, but later developed technologies like the internet, radios, televisions, cellular devices, and more. This was important for various reasons.
- it spread propaganda more easily and allowed for increased political influence
*the Nazi party used radios to consolidate and maintain power throughout the 1930s.
*president Franklin Delano Roosevelt used the radio to console and update American citizens during his Fireside Chats throughout the Great Depression and WWII
- it made information much easier to access and disperse
*the spread of western ideas and the USSR’s inability to censor them contributed to their fall in 1991
- americanization of cultures through Western television and movies
- the transition to digitalized education with online courses and resources being used often, like digital books
- new industries and workforces (like the industry of computer applications)
- the rise of problematic content like pornography globally, banned by China, Islamic world, and India
- rise of online dating and social platforms
FEARS:
- of government manipulation of media
- being tracked with this advanced technology
- the undermining of humanitarian relationships with superficial internet ones
- the hacking or leaking of important government or personal information
- the delicacy of the system if it falls to natural disasters, intentional sabotage, or outages
Explain the progression of military technology breakthroughs, beginning with WWI until modern day.
WWI
- dynamite
- poison gas
- radio
- military aircraft
- tanks
- submarines
WWII
- radar
- computers
- jet engines
- battle tanks
- fighter aircraft
- aircraft carriers
- atomic bombs
Cold War
- hydrogen bombs
- tactical nuclear weapons
- ballistic missiles from airplanes
- land-based silos
- nuclear submarines
Modern day:
- internet
- communication satellites
- space exploration
- nuclear power plants
Explain the reaction of specific states to the fear of either overpopulation or under-population.
Nazi Germany: underpopulated, needed soldiers to fight WWII
- banned birth control in 1930s
- rewarded large families
- sterilized/executed those they didn’t want reproducing (Jews), criminalized relationships between Jews and Germans so as to not contaminate the Aryan race
*South Africa’s apartheid system prohibited interracial marriage for similar reasons
USSR: needed to repopulate due to major losses in WWII
- severely restricted birth control access
FEAR OF OVERPOPULATION:
India: declared state of emergency, used coercion, economic incentives and force to sterilize over 11 million Indians between 1975 and 1977
China: initiated the one-child-family-policy from 1980 until 2014, in which penalties, policies, and financial incentives were used to implant over 300 million women with IUDs, sterilize over 100 million, and forcibly perform abortions.
Why was overpopulation a concern?
If there were too many people to feed, it was more than probable that the population would rise up against the incompetent government. The government wants to maintain control of its population.
Explain how the USSR played a role in fighting for women’s equality.
The USSR declared women to be politically equal to men.
- abortions and divorce were now available options
- women had to consent to marriage
- mandated pregnancy leave
- women mobilized in the workforce
The Women’s Department was created in the 1920s, which spoke to a female audience, trained women for the workforce, and held conferences for female audiences.
Explain Turkey’s role in fighting for women’s equality.
1920s-1930s: once independent following WWI, the leader Kemal Ataturk saw women’s rights as a landmark of modernization.
He abolished polygamy, provided equal rights regarding divorce laws, allowed women’s suffrage, and women were able to hold public political offices.
Ataturk encouraged the discarding of Muslim veils in favor of western dress styles, not quite desired by the female population itself but encouraged by the state.
Explain women’s rights in Iran.
Following the Iranian Islamic Revolution of 1979, the state took away many of the rights women previously held. The government was now headed by Ayatollah Khomeini and was religiously inspired to restrict women and denounce western style and feminist views.
1983: hijab and loose clothes was mandated and enforced by guards called “revolutionary guards”.
Legal age of marriage reduced from 18 to 9 with parental consent, divorce was now legally unavailable, women were not allowed to attend schools.
- women’s roles in the workforce and education actually increased over the next decades (about 60% of university students were female by the early 21st century), and they still had suffrage
1st wave feminism
Originally in western countries during the 19th century, feminism became globalized in the 20th century, and 1st wave feminism dissolved in the 1920s when women’s suffrage was achieved in many places across the world
2nd wave feminism
Feminism revived in the 1960s seeking equality of education and in the workforce
In France, for example, the literary work “The Second Sex” published in 1949 reflected upon women’s historically less-than position in relation to men throughout history.
What was the radical notion of “women’s liberation”?
This movement focused on making women more aware of their oppression that they were in fact not aware of through consciousness raising groups across the USA.
- disrupted the Miss America contest in 1968, throwing away “instruments of oppression” such as bras and tweezers
- supported equality for heterosexual and lesbian marriage
