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Flashcards in Stress Deck (40)
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1
Q

What is stress?

A

a state of heightened arousal
-it comes in many forms and for many reasons; but all of them have in common a set of mechanisms known as the stress response

2
Q

Eustress

A

-moderate or normal psychological stress interpreted as being beneficial for the experiencer

3
Q

Distress

A

aversive state in which a person is unable to completely adapt to stressors and their resulting stress and shows maladaptive behaviors

4
Q

Physiological stressors

A

arise when homeostasis control mechanisms are challenged (physcial, chemical, biological, social, cultural)

5
Q

psychological stressors

A

are whatever the person thinks they are

6
Q

What are some general effects of stress?

A
  1. trigger certain illnesses
  2. reduces the body’s ability to fight an illness
  3. make some diseases harder to control
7
Q

Homeostasis

A

aims to maintain “a set point” of bodily functions

ex: oxygen level, pH, blood pressure

8
Q

Allostasis

A

aims to maintain a “set point” in changing environments

9
Q

General adaptation syndrome

A

general stress response to any noxious stimulus

-includes 3 stages

10
Q

What are the 3 stages of GAS?

A
  1. Alarm reaction
  2. Stage of resistance
  3. Stage of exhaustion
11
Q

What happens in the alarm reaction?

A

Fight or flight response

12
Q

What happens in the stage of resistance?

A

adaptation, body returns to homeostasis

13
Q

What happens during the stage of exhaustion?

A

Not able to return to homeostasis

14
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus in the GAS?

A
  • Monitor of internal and external environment
  • activate GAS
  • secretes corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH)
15
Q

What parts of the body do CRH affect?

A
  1. The sympathetic nervous system which affects the inner portion of the adrenal medulla
  2. the pituitary gland which affects the outer portion of the adrenal medulla
16
Q

Function of catecholamines and examples

A
  • sympathetic activation
  • norepinephrine
  • epinephrine
17
Q

Function of cortisol and related glucocorticoids

A

pituitary gland affects the adrenal medulla which has metabolic effects

18
Q

Risk factors

A

tendencies that promote the development of the disease

19
Q

your patient’s red blood cell is slightly elevated today. This might be explained by

A
  • gender difference
  • situational factors
  • illness
20
Q

What is the etiology of strep throat

A

-streptococcal infection

21
Q

Charlie’s hand is tangled in a rope, cutting off blood flow to his hand. At what time are the cells from Charlie injured

A
  • ischemia
  • reperfusion
  • any injury longer than a minute causes
22
Q

A hypoxic injury is caused by a lack of

A

ATP

23
Q

You are asked to participate in a research project on myocardial infractions in a rat model. Which model closely represents the ischemic injury?

A

Increase of intracellular concentration of Na+ and Ca++

24
Q

Which of the following is not a change experienced by typical cells undergoing apoptosis?

A

Membrane bursting

25
Q

What is a physiological effect of chemical stress mediators:

A

catecholamine

26
Q

What are the two main subsets of catecholamine receptors?

A

-alpha-adrenergic and beta-adrenergic receptors

27
Q

What do agonsists do?

A

mimics alpha or beta-adrenergic recpetors used in disease state

28
Q

What do antagonists do?

A

-block alpha- or beta-adrenergic receptors used in disease state

29
Q

alpha 1 receptors site of actions

A
  • smooth muscle
  • heart
  • liver
30
Q

alpha 2 sites of action

A

-platelets, vascular smooth muscle, nerve termini, and pancreatic islets

31
Q

alpha 1 effects

A

vasoconstriction, intestinal relaxation, uterine contraction and pupillary dilation

32
Q

alpha 2 effects

A

platelet aggregation, vasoconstriction, and inhibition of NE release and of insulin secretion

33
Q

B 1 sites of action

A

heart

34
Q

B 2 sites of action

A

lungs, gastrointestinal tract, liver, uterus, vascular smooth and skeletal muscle

35
Q

B 1 effects

A

tachycardia

36
Q

B 2 effects

A

brochodilation, smooth muscle relaxation, sphincter constriction

37
Q

stage of reistance/apadtation

A
  • all catecholamine responses are still exhibited
  • cortisol reactions are also prominenet
  • the immune responses during the stage of adaptation are adaptive
  • aldosterone encourages salt and water retention to help raise blood pressure
  • blood glucose and fatty acid levels are elevated
38
Q

Coping mechanisms are ________

A

very unique to everyone

39
Q

Stage of exhaustion

A
  • coping is ineffective
  • -stress response continues
  • allostatic load
40
Q

Allostatic overload

A

physiological consequences of chronic exposure to fluctuating or heightened neural or neuroendocrine response that results from repeated or chronic stress