Stress Response General

Question 1

Why is Animal Health (Reducing Stress) Important (3 pts)

Answer 1

Stress Reduces Productivity
Consumers want ethically raised products
Many Livestock Pathogens are zoonotic

Question 2

One Health Approach

Answer 2

Maintain animal health to maintain human health

Question 3

Dependence on Antimicrobials has lead to the development of what?

Answer 3

AMR Pathogens

Question 4

Past Animal Breeding Goals?

Answer 4

Productivity

Question 5

How are past animal breeding goals related to animal health and fertility?

Answer 5

Productivity, inversely related to animal health and fertility

Question 6

Stressor

Answer 6

Something that disrupts homeostasis in an organism and in doing so elicits a stress response

Question 7

Stress Response

Answer 7

Evolutionary conserved response that involves activation of multiple physiological systems during perceived stressor

Question 8

Physiological systems involved in stress response

Answer 8

Metabolic, Cardiovascular, Musculoskeletal, Immune, Neuroendocrine

Question 9

Stress Response Manifests as …

Answer 9

Flight, Fight, Freeze

Question 10

Species that is an example of Freeze?
What inherited disorder causes freeze?
Which gene is responsible?
What does this gene code for?

Answer 10

Fainting Goats
Congenital Myotonia
ClCN1 Gene
Chloride Channel

Question 11

Short Term Activation is also known as what?
How long does it last?
What is it designed to do?

Answer 11

Acute Stress Response
Minutes to Hours
Restore Homeostasis

Question 12

Long Term Activation is also known as what?
How long does it last?
Can lead to variety of disorders, what types?

Answer 12

Chronic Stress Response
Several Hours/d for weeks-months
Metabolic, Psychological, Reproductive, Immunological

Question 13

Metabolic, Psychological, Immunological, & Reproductive disorders caused by long term activation of stress response can lead to what?

Answer 13

Increased susceptibility to infections
Autoimmune disorders
Cancer

Question 14

For stress response to occur first the organism must what?
How is an organism able to do this?

Answer 14

Sense the stressor
5 Senses, Recognition of “non self” and danger signals, communication between microbiome and host

Question 15

Sensory Input is relayed to the brain by what? (3 pts)

Answer 15

Neurotransmitters
Hormones
Cytokines

Question 16

In the brain the sensory input is recognized as _ which will cause stress response

Answer 16

Danger

Question 17

Causes of Variation in Stress Response (3pts)

Answer 17

Genetics/Genes
Environment
Gene by Environment Interactions (Epigenetics)

Question 18

Levels of Variation in Stress Response

Answer 18

Sensory Input
Stress Perception
Stress Response

Question 19

3 Factors of Stress Resilient Animal

Answer 19

Able to resist, cope/habituate, and recovery from perceive stressor

Question 20

Low Stress Resilient Animal is easily over come by what?
What can this lead to?
Sensitization to stressor can cause what?
Which can lead to what?

Answer 20

Stressor
Sensitization to Stressor
Hype responsiveness
Disease

Question 21

True or False: All animals can be overcome by a stressor

Answer 21

True

Question 22

Types of Stressors

Answer 22

Physical, Chemical, Biological, Psychological

Question 23

What types of stressor are these examples?
- Heat
- Cold
- Climate Change
- Air Quality
- Water Quality
- Light Intensity/Duration/Wavelenth
- Stray Voltage
- UV Radiation
- Processing
- Radiation
- Restraint/Confinement
- Surgical
- Predation

Answer 23

Physical

Question 24

What types of stressor are these examples?
- Mycotoxins
- Organosaccharides
- Heavy Metals
- Poisonous Plants

Answer 24

Chemical

Question 25

What types of stressor are these examples? - Nutrient Excess - Feed Restriction - Parturition - Negative Energy Balance - Acidosis - Inadequate Sleep - Overtraining - Dehydration - Infections

Answer 25

Biological

Question 26

What types of stressor are these examples? - Mixing - Showing - Weaning - Herding

Answer 26

Psychological

Question 27

Infection pressure increases as GHG emissions _

Answer 27

Increase

Question 28

When is Risk of Viral Infection 10x higher? What regulates virus (Herpes, Influenza) progression in mice? What worsens infections? Which gene is disrupted? What type of variation is there with this gene? This cause levels of this gene to be higher or lower in the winter? What are these levels associated with? What people are involved with implications of BMAL1 dysfunction?

Answer 28

Morning Time of Day Circadian Rhythm Disruption BMAL1 Seasonal Variation Lower Increased risk of infection Jet Leg, Irregular Light Dark Cycles

Question 29

Matching Animal to Environment Apartment - Dairy Prod. Brazil - Helminth Resistance - Fish for Aquaponics -

Answer 29

King Charles Spaniel Gir x Holestein Gulf coast - Cross Breeding/Gene Editing Tilapia

Question 30

Changing Environment of Laying Hens

Answer 30

Increased Bone Fractures & Parasitic Infections

Question 31

In addition to matching animals to environment

Answer 31

Management practices to minimize stress and maximize stress resilience

Question 32

Signs An Animal is Stressed

Answer 32

Increase in Herd Mortality Increase in Clinical Disease Decrease in BW Decrease in Fertility Behaviour Changes

Question 33

Potential Criteria for Biomarker

Answer 33

Easy to obtain tissue Sampling causes minimal discomfort Sensitive Specific vs Nonspecific Systemic vs Local Repeatable Economical Assay Developed High Throughput Potential Real Time Monitoring