Structure and Function -- Macrmolecules (more) Flashcards
1
Q
What are the macromolecules
A
carbs lipids nucleic acids proteinP
2
Q
Macromolecules
A
super large molecules
3
Q
Polymers
A
long molecule that consists of many smaller building blocks linked covalently
4
Q
Monomers
A
the things that make up polymers
they can also have their own individual function
5
Q
Enzyme
A
macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions
6
Q
What are the names for the process of how macromolecules are formed/broken respectively
A
dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis
7
Q
Hydro
A
water
8
Q
Lyse
A
break apart or split
9
Q
Hydrolysis aka
A
digestion
10
Q
Sugars are made of what macromolecule
A
carbs
11
Q
Monosaccharides are made of how many carbons
A
3-7
12
Q
What is the shape of glucose when it is in water
A
ring
13
Q
What is the shape of 5-6 carbon carbs when they are put in water
A
ring
14
Q
Most sugars end in
A
ose
15
Q
All carbs have what fxnal groups
A
carbonyl group and hydroxyl group
16
Q
Sugars are classified by what
A
size
17
Q
3 carbon sugar name
A
triose
18
Q
5 carbon sugar name
A
pentose
19
Q
6 carbon sugar name
A
hexose
20
Q
example of hexoses
A
fructose and glucose
21
Q
assymetric carbon
A
carbon that is attached to 4 different atoms or atom groups
22
Q
Cellular respiration
A
cells extract energy from glucose molecules by breaking them down
23
Q
The carbon skeletons of sugars can be used ot synthesize what other things
A
other organic molecules or poly or di sacchs
24
Q
Disaccharide
A
2 monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage
25
Glycosidic linkage
covalent bond formed between 2 monosacchardides by dehydration synthesis
26
Starch
polymer of glucose molecules that is stored in plastids which allows plants to stock a shit ton of glucose which can be hydrolyzed for energy
27
Plastid
organelles in cells used for storage
28
What is the shape of starch
helix -- branch or unbranched
29
example of plastid
chloroplast
30
Glycogen
polysachharide or polymer of glucose where animals store energy and glucose
31
are carbs long or short term energy
short (usually depleted in 24 hours)
32
What is the shape of glycogen
helix branched
33
Where do vertebrates store glycogen
liver and muscle cellsC
34
Cellulose
structural polysaccharide; polymer of glucose
35
Shape of cellulose
long structural hydrocarbons that are straight and unbranched
36
What differentiates cellulose from other common polysaccharides
it has different glycosidic linkages bc the glucoses are upside down alternating unlike how theyre all the same for starch, glycogen, etc.
37
What is the reason that some organisms can digest glycogen but not cellulose
bc the glycosidic linkages are different so that the hydroxyl group is aternatively on the top or the bottom --> so most organisms dont have the correct enzymes so it js slides into the rest of their shit
38
Chitin
structural polysaccharide of arthropods that they use ot make exoskeletons --> its soft then its hard ;P so its strong structurally
39
Why are chitin and cellulose similar
they have the wonky glycosidic linkage different hing
40
example of an organism that uses chitin and how
fungi in its cell walls
41
Does fat have monomers
no
42
What is fat made of
glycerol and fatty acid
43
Glycerol is what type of molecule
alcohol
44
Fatty acid
a long carbon chain that is nonpolar and it makes the whole fat molecule hydrophobic
45
how long is a fatty acid chain
16 - 18 carbons
46
what fxnal group does fatty acid have
carboxyl acid
47
Fat aka
triacylglycerol or triglyceride
48
What bonds the fatty acid to the glycerol in a fat molecule
ester linkage
49
ester linkage
a bond formed by dehydration synthesis between they oxygen of the hydroxyl group of the glycerol and the carbon of the carboxyl group of the fatty acid
50
the double bonds in unsaturated fat are cis or trans
cis
51
Lipids
long term energy storage (better than carbs)
52
Do lipids have monomers
no
53
Are lipids molecules
yes they even sometimes form macromolecules
54
Structure of lipids
hydrocarbon
55
Lipids polar or nonpolar
nonpolar
56
Lipids hydrophobic or philic
phobic
57
How many carbons is usually in lipids
usually 16-18
58
Hydrogenated
bad, unsaturated fats that have been synthetically converted to saturated fats by adding hydrogen and trans fats
59
Saturated Fat is bad why
bc it can cause atherosclerosis
59
Atherosclerosis
clogged arteries
60
Trans Fat
unsaturated bonds with trans double bonds ( H on opposite sides of the double bond)
60
What do trans fats do to cholesterol
increase LDL and reduce HDL
60
HDL
good cholesterol high density lipoprotein
61
LDL
low density lipoprotein bad cholesterol
61
Do trans fat occur in nature
yes
62
Adipose Cells
cells where mammals store long term energy and does the organ cushioning
62
What organisms have cholesterol in their cell membranes
animal cell membranes
62
Main purposes of fat
energy
insulation
organ cushioning
63
Phospholipid
like a fat molecule with only 2 fatty acid groups instead of 3 and the 3rd hydroxyl group is bonded to the phosphate group which is negatively charged
also usually there's another polar or charged molecule that is linked to the phosphate group
64
Phospholipid is important for what
cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer and in micelles)
65
Are the heads of phospholipids hydrophilic or hydrophobic
hydrophilic
66
Are the tails of phospholipids hydrophilic or hydrophobic
hydrophobic
67
Why and how is the tail of a phospholipid bent
because there is a double bond so its unsaturated and the tails don't freeze together
68
Steroids
lipids that have a carbon skeleton of 4 fused rungs
69
Examples of steroids
cholesterol and sex hormones
70
Catalyst
chemical agents that speed up chemical reactions
71
Amino Acid
organic molecule with amino group, carboxyl group, R group and H that has an assymetric carbon
72
What makes amino acids different from each other
the r Group
73
what is the R group aka
side chain
74
Nonpolar amino acids are
hydrophobic
75
Polar amino acids are
hydrophilic
76
Basic amino acids have what
a positive R group
77
Acidic amino acids have
negative side chain because of carboxyl group in ionized form
78
Are acidic and basic amino acids hydrophobic or hydrophilic
hydrophylic because they are charged
79
Peptide bond
covalent bond between the nitrogen of the amino group of one and the carbon of the carboxyl group of another
80
What are the ends of 2 amino acids bonded together
amino group and a carboxyl group on the other end
81
Polypeptide backbone
The non-R group of amino acid polymers, consisting literally of -N-C-C-N-C-C-N-
82
Shape determines
function
83
Do polypeptides = proteins
no because polypeptides can be proteins (single) but they have to be twisted and folded so polypeptides are just long primary structure
84
Globular Proteins
proteins that are roughly spherical theyre rough and wide and theyre soluble in water
85
Fibrous proteins
proteins shaped like long fibers; insoluble in water
86
All proteins have what levels of structure
1-3
87
Why do only some proteins have quartenary structure
because not all proteins consist of more than one polypeptide chain
88
What are the protein structure levels
primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary
89
Primary protein structure level
sequence of amino acids which is determine by DNA
90
If there were 127 amino acids in a chain how many different ways can you make the protein chain and why
20^127 because 20 amino acids exist in nature
91
Secondary protein structure level
coil/fold due to hydrogen bonds between the H+ of amino group and O- of catboxyl group
92
What is the coil called in secondary structure in protein structure levels
alpha helix
93
What is the fold called in secondary structure in protein structure levels
beta pleated sheet
94
Tertiary protein structure level
overall shape of a polypeptide which results from the interactions between the R-groups
95
What are some examples of the tertiary bonds wjocj caise overall shapes of polypeptides
hydrophobic interaction
disulfide bridge
96
Hydrophobic interaction
amino acids (nonpolar) end up in the middle and are held together by Van der Waals forces
also H bonds hold together
also bonds bwteen positive and negative
97
Disulfide bridge
covalent bond between sulfurs of the sulfhydryl groups of 2 cysteines; super strong
98
Quaternary
association of 2+ polypeptides
99
Denaturation
proteins change shape because of wrong conditions because can disrupt bonds that hold it together
100
What are some of the wrong conditions that can cause denaturation
wrong pH, temp, salt concentration, etc.
101
Can denaturation be fixed?
yes if you put them back in the right conditions
102
Chaperonins
proteins that encase other proteins-to-be so they are in the right conditions to fold
103
Why are chaperonins important
because if proteins fold in the wrong conditions it could lead to fatal diseases such as CF, sickle cell disease, etc.
104
When proteins-to-be go into chaperoning proteins what level of structure are they in
primary and they leave as secondary
105
X-Ray Crystallography
shoot X-rays a crystallized and hardened protein and look at defraction patter ti assess design of protein
106
Gene
a discrete unit of hereditary information consisiting of specific nucleotide sequences in DNA
107
Gene expression
DNA directs RNA --> protein synthesis (in ribosomes)
108
Polynucleotides
polymers of nucleic acids
109
Nucleoside
nucleotide without phosphate
110
Nucleoside aka
nucleoside monophosphate
111
Pyrimidine
six carbon ring ( C, U, T)
112
Purine
six carbon ring fused to a five carbon ring (G,A)
113
Phosphodiester linkage
the covalent bond between nucleotides between the phosphate group of one and the sugar of another
114
Where do the phosphodiester linkages appear
on the outside (ribbon part) of the double helix
115
Where are the hydrogen bonds in DNA
between the bases (in the middle)
116
Antiparallel
the 2 sugar-phosphate backbones are on the outside of the helix and they run in oppposite directions; one is 5' -> 3' and the other one is the other way
117
RNA has how many strands
one
118
DNA has how many strands
2 --> double helix
119
If organisms have similar molecular geanologies...
they are more related
120
What causes the polar head of a phospholipid
the top is negatively charged because of phosphate and the bottom is positevely charged because instead of a third fatty acid chain (like in a fat molecule) there is a choline which is positively charged
121
Steriod purpose
chemical messengers/hormones
122
What is in the backbone that is coiled/foiled in secondary protein structure
everything but the R-group
123
What are the helix and the beta pleated sheet held together by
hydrogen bonds
