Structure And Function Of Body System

Question 1

The ________________ of the human body consists of bones, joints, muscles, and tendons configured to allow the great variety f movements characteristic of human activity.

Answer 1

Musculoskeletal System

Question 2

Muscle can on _______________: but through the system of bony levers, muscle pulling forces can be manifested as either pulling or pushing forces against external Objects.

Answer 2

Pull, not push

Question 3

The _________ consisted of the skull(cranium), vetebral column(C1 through the coccyx), ribs and sternum.

Answer 3

Axial Skeleton

Question 4

The _______Includes the shoulder (or pectoral) girdle (left and right scapula and clavicle; bone of the arms, wrists, and hands (left and right humeru, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges); the pelvic girdle(left and right coral or innominate bones); and the bones of the legs, ankles and feet

Answer 4

Appendicular Skeleton

Question 5

Junctions of the bones are called ____________

Answer 5

Joints

Question 6

___________allow virtually no movement
___________ allow limited movement (intervebral discs)
___________ allow considerable movement (elbow and Knee)

Answer 6

Fibrous joints
Cartilaginous joints
Synovial joints

Question 7

Articulating bone ends are covered with smooth ___________, and the entire joint is enclosed in a capsule filled with ____________.

Answer 7

Hyaline cartilage

Synovial Fluid

Question 8

____________, such as the elbow, operate as hinges, essentially rotating about only one axis.

Answer 8

Uniaxial Joints

Question 9

_________, such as the angle and wrist, allow movement about two perpendicular axes.

Answer 9

Biaxial joints

Question 10

____________, including the shoulder and hip ball-and-socket joints, allow movement about all three perpendicular axes that define space.

Answer 10

Multiaxial Joints

Question 11

the _____________ is made up of bones separated by flexible disks that allow movement to occur.

Answer 11

Vertebral column

Question 12

__ cervical vertebrae
__thoracic Vertebrae
__ Lumbar vertebrae
__ sacral Vertebrae

Answer 12

7
12
5
5

Question 13

Fibrous connective tissue, or ______________, covers the body’s more than 430 skeletal muscles

Answer 13

Epimysium

Question 14

The ______ is attached to the bone periosteum, a specialized connective tissue covering all bones, any contraction of the muscle pulls on the tendon and, in turn, the bones.

Answer 14

Tendon

Question 15

Limb muscles have two attachment to bone: ___________(closer to the trunk) and ___________ (further from the trunk)

Answer 15

Proximal

Distal

Question 16

The two attachments of trunk muscles are termed ____________ (closer to the head) and ___________ (Closer to the feet)

Answer 16

Superior

Inferior

Question 17

Muscle cells, often called ______________, are long (sometimes running the entire length of a muscle), cylindrical cells 50 to 100um in diameter (about the diameter of a human hair.

Answer 17

Muscle Fibers

Question 18

Under the _____________ the muscle fibers are grouped in bundles (fasciculi) that consist of up to 150 fibers.

Answer 18

Epimysuim

Question 19

The bundles of fasciculi are surrounded by connective tissue called _____________

Answer 19

Perimysium

Question 20

Each muscle fiber is surrounded by connective tissue called _________

Answer 20

Endomysium

Question 21

Endomysium is encircled by and is contiguous with the fibers membrane, or ______________

Answer 21

Saroclemma

Question 22

A nerve cell is a what ?

Answer 22

Motor Neuron

Question 23

The junction between a motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates is call the motor end plate, or, more often, the ______________

Answer 23

Neuromuscular Junction

Question 24

A mother neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates are called _________________

Answer 24

Motor unit

Question 25

The ____________, which is the cytoplasm of a muscle fibers contains contractile components consisting of protein filaments, other proteins, stored glycogen and fat particles, enzymes, and specialized organelles such as mitochondria and the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Answer 25

Sarcoplasm

Question 26

Hundreds of _____________ (each about 1 um in diameter, 1/100 the diameter of a hair) dominate the sarcoplasm.) - contain the apparatus that contracts the muscle cell.

Answer 26

Myofibrils

Question 27

Myfibrils contain the apparatus that contracts the muscle cell, which consists primarily of two types of _______________________.

Answer 27

Myofilament: myosin & Actin

Question 28

The globular heads protude away from the myosin filament at regular intervals, and a pair of myosin filament forms a ________________

Answer 28

Cross-bridge

Question 29

Myosin and actin filaments are organized longitudinally in the smallest contractile unit of skeletal muscle, the ______________.

Answer 29

Sarcomere

Question 30

____ actin filaments surround each myosin filament, and each actin filament is surrounded by ____ myosin filament.

Answer 30

- 6 | - 3

Question 31

The dark _______ corresponds with the alignment of the myosin filament, whereas the light _________ corresponds with the areas in two adjacent sarcomeres that contain actin filaments.

Answer 31

A-band | I-band

Question 32

The ________ is in the middle of the I-band and appears as thin, dark line running longitudinally through the I-ban.

Answer 32

Z-line

Question 33

The ________ is the area in the center of the sarcomere where only myosin filaments are present. - During muscle contraction, _______ decreases as the actin slides over the myosin toward the center of the sarcomere.

Answer 33

H-zone

Question 34

Parallel to an surrounding each myofibril is an intricate system of tubules called the _______________________ which terminates as vesicles in the vicinity of the Z-lines.

Answer 34

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Question 35

____________, or ____________, run perpendicular to the sacoplasmic reticulum and terminate in the vicinity of Z-line between two vesicles.

Answer 35

T-Tubules or Transverse Tubules

Question 36

An Electrical Nerve Impulse is a ?

Answer 36

Action Potential

Question 37

____________ states that the actin filaments at each end of the sarcomere slide inward on myosin filaments, pulling the Z-lines toward the center of the sarcomere and thus shortening the muscle fiber.

Answer 37

Sliding -Filament Theory

Question 38

____________ - little calcium is present in the myofibril (most of its is stored in the sarcoplasmic Reticulum), so very few of the myosin crossbridges are bound to the actin.

Answer 38

Resting Phase of Sliding Filament Theory

Question 39

_______________ Before myosin crossbridges can flex, they must first attach to the actin filament. When the sarcoplasmic reticulum is stimulated to release calcium ions, the calcium binds with the trope in, a protein that is situated at regular intervals along the actin filament and has a high affinity for calcium ions. Etc.

Answer 39

Excitation-Contraction Coupling Phase

Question 40

The number of ______________ that are formed between actin and myosin at any instant in time dictates the force production of a muscle.

Answer 40

Crossbridges

Question 41

The energy for pulling action, or _________, comes from hydrolysis (breakdown) of ATP to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and phosphate, a reaction catalyze by the enzyme myosin adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase).

Answer 41

Power Stroke

Question 42

_______ and __________are necessary for crossbridge cycling with actin and myosin filament.

Answer 42

Calcium & ATP

Question 43

The quadriceps sure muscle group, which moves the leg with much less precision, may have serval hundred fibers served my one ___________.

Answer 43

Motor neuron

Question 44

_____________Diffuses across the neuromuscular junction, causing excitation of the sarcolemma.

Answer 44

Acetylcholine

Question 45

The brief contraction that results is referred to as a ____________.

Answer 45

Twitch

Question 46

All of the muscle fibers in the motor unit contract and develop force at the same time. ________________

Answer 46

All-or-none Principle

Question 47

The stimuli may be delivered at so high a frequency that the twitches begin to merge and eventually completely fuse, a condition called ____________.

Answer 47

Tetanus

Question 48

__________ are composed of muscle fibers with specific morphological and physiological characteristics that determine their functional capacity.

Answer 48

Motor Units.

Question 49

What is the Slow-Twitch Muscle Fiber?

Answer 49

Type 1

Question 50

What is the fast twitch muscle fibers ?

Answer 50

Type IIa /Type IIx

Question 51

The contrast in mechanical characteristics of Type 1 and 2 fibers is accompanied by a______________________________________________________.

Answer 51

-distinct difference in the ability of the fibers to demand and supply energy from contraction and thus withstand fatigue.

Question 52

Which fiber is generally - efficient - fatigue resistant - have a high capacity for Aerobic energy supply - have limited potential for rapid force development - characterized by low myosin ATPase activity And Low Anaerobic Power.

Answer 52

Type 1

Question 53

Which fiber is generally - inefficient - fatiguable - having lower aerobic power - rapid force development - high myosin ATPase activity - high anaerobic power

Answer 53

Type II

Question 54

This muscle fiber has greater capacity for aerobic metabolism and more capillaries surrounding them.

Answer 54

Type IIa

Question 55

This muscle fiber shows greater resistance to fatigue in comparison to its counter part.

Answer 55

Type IIx

Question 56

All the sports listed below have a high involvement of which muscle fiber type? - 100m sprint - Oly. Weightlifting - Soccer, Lacrosse, Hockey - American football (most positions) - basketball - volleyball - Baseball - speed skating

Answer 56

Type II

Question 57

Which muscle fiber would be recruited most likely in the sport of long distance running?

Answer 57

Type I

Question 58

__________ are specialized sensory receptors located within joints, muscles, and tendons. - They relay information concerning muscle dynamics to the conscious and subconscious parts of the central nervous system. - Most of the information is processed at subconscious levels so we do not have to dedicate conscious activity toward tasks such as maintaining posture or position of body parts.

Answer 58

Proprioceptors

Question 59

____________ we proprioceptors that consist of several modified muscle fibers enclosed in a sheath of connective tissue. - provide information concerning muscle length and the rate of change in length.

Answer 59

Muscle Spindles

Question 60

_______________ are proprioceptors located in the dons near the myotendinous junction and are in series, that is, attached end to end, with extrafusal muscle fibers. - are activated when the tendon attached to an active muscle is stretched. * as the tendon of the muscle increases the discharge of the _____ increases.

Answer 60

GTO- Golgi tendon Organ

Question 61

The primary roles of the _______________________ are to transport nutrients and remove waste and by-products while assisting with maintaining the environment fr all the body’s functions.

Answer 61

Cardiovascular System

Question 62

The _________ is a muscular organ composed of two interconnected but separate pumps: the right side pumps blood through the the lungs, and the left side pumps blood through the rest of the body.

Answer 62

Heart

Question 63

The left and right ______ deliverer blood into the right and left ventricles.

Answer 63

Atria

Question 64

The right and left _________ supply the main force for moving blood through the pulmonary and peripheral circulations, respectively.

Answer 64

Ventricles

Question 65

The __________&____________ prevent the flow of blood from the ventricles back into the atria during ventricular contraction(systole)

Answer 65

Tricuspid & Mitral Valves

Question 66

The _________&____________ prevent backflow from the aorta and pulmonary arteries into the ventricles during ventricular relaxation.

Answer 66

Aortic & Pulmonary Valves

Question 67

The __________________- the intrinsic pacemaker-where rhythmic electrical impulses are normally initiated.

Answer 67

Sinoatrial Nodes

Question 68

The _________________ - where the impulse is delayed slightly before passing into the ventricles;

Answer 68

Atrioventircular Noes

Question 69

The ________________, which conducts the impulse to the ventricles

Answer 69

Atriventricular Bundles

Question 70

The __________&_____________ which further divide into the PURKINJE FIBERS and conduct impulses to all parts of the ventricles.

Answer 70

Left bundle Branch & Right bundle branch

Question 71

The SA node normally controls heart rhythmic it’s because it discharge rate is considerably greater, What is the rate?

Answer 71

60-80 times per minutes

Question 72

What is the rate at which the AV node beats?

Answer 72

40-60 per minute

Question 73

The ventricular fibers (__________________)

Answer 73

15-40 times per minute.

Question 74

Myocardium (heart muscle) are influenced by the cardiovascular center of the medulla, which transmits signals to the heart through the ____________&____________, both of which are a component of the Autonomic Nervous System.

Answer 74

Sympathetic/Parasympathetic Nervous Systems

Question 75

The resting heart rate normally range from 60 to 100 beats/min; fewer than 60 beats/min is called ____________ and more than 100 beats/min is called ____________

Answer 75

- Bradycardia | - Tachycardia

Question 76

The electrical activity of the heart can be recorded at the surface of the body; a graphic representation. Of this activity is called an _____________

Answer 76

Electrocardiograph (ECG)

Question 77

The ORS complex is often three separate waves, _________, an________ and an _________

Answer 77

Q wave R wave S wave

Question 78

________________ is the reversal of the membrane electrical potential, whereby the normally negative potential inside the membrane becomes slightly positive and the outside becomes slightly negative.

Answer 78

Deplorization

Question 79

The t-wave is caused by the electrical potential generated as the ventricles recover from the state of depolarization; this process called ____________________, occurs in ventricular muscle shortly afte depolarization.

Answer 79

Repolarization

Question 80

_____________ which carries blood away from the heart

Answer 80

Arterial System

Question 81

_________________ which returns blood towards the heart.

Answer 81

Venous system

Question 82

The function of ___________ is to rapidly transport blood pumped from the heart.

Answer 82

Arteries

Question 83

Small branches of arteries called ___________ act as control vessels through which blood enters the capillaries. -play a major role in regulation of blood flow to the capillaries.

Answer 83

Arterioles

Question 84

The function of ____________ is to facilitate exchange of oxygen, fluid, nutrients, electrolytes, hormones and other substances between the blood and the interstitial fluid in the various tissues of the body.

Answer 84

Capillaries

Question 85

_____________ collect blood from the capillaries and gradually converge into the progressively larger veins.

Answer 85

Venules

Question 86

______________, which transport blood back to the heart

Answer 86

Veins

Question 87

The transport if oxygen is accomplished by _______________, the iron-protein molecule carried by the red blood cells.

Answer 87

Hemoglobin

Question 88

______________, the major component of blood. - they contain a large quantity of carbonic a hydrate, which catalyzes the reaction between carbon dioxide and water to facilitate carbon dioxide removal.

Answer 88

Red Blood Cells

Question 89

The ______________ is called the first-generation respiratory passage.

Answer 89

Trachea

Question 90

The right and left main __________ are the second-generation passages; each division thereafter is an additional generation (Bronchioles)

Answer 90

Bronchi

Question 91

There are approximately 23 generations before the air finally reaches the _____________, where the gases are exchanged in respiration.

Answer 91

Alveoli

Question 92

____________ the pressure in the narrow space between the lung pleura and the chest all pleura(membranes enveloping the lungs and lining the chest walls.

Answer 92

Pleural Pressure

Question 93

____________ is the pressure inside the alveoli when the glottis is open and no air is flowing into or out of the lungs

Answer 93

Alveolar pressure

Question 94

During normal respiration at rest, only ______ to ______of the total energy expended by the body is required for pulmonary ventilation.

Answer 94

3 to 5%

Question 95

During very heavy exercise, however, the amount of energy required can increase to as much as __ to _____ of total body energy expenditure, especially if the person has any degree of increased airway resistance, as occurs with exercise-induced asthma.

Answer 95

8 to 15%

Question 96

The process of _____________ is a simple random motion of molecules moving in opposite directions through the alveolar capillary membrane.

Answer 96

Diffusion