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Dermatology > Structure and Function of Skin > Flashcards

Structure and Function of Skin Flashcards

1
Q

What adnexal structures does the skin contain?

A

Hair
Nails
Glands
Sensory structures

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2
Q

What is the epidermis mainly made up from?

A

Keratocytes (90%)

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3
Q

What in the dermis is lost as you get older?

A

Thickness

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4
Q

Where do the adnexal structures lie in the skin?

A

Dermis

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5
Q

What are the layers of the dermis?

A
  1. Stratum basale
  2. Stratum spinosum
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. Stratum lucidum
  5. Stratum corneum
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6
Q

What happens as kertocytes mature?

A

They lose their nucleus and flatten

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7
Q

In normal skin, how long does it take for keratocytes to mature?

A

30 days

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8
Q

Why is the skin able to regenerate?

A

Stem cells present in the skin

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9
Q

Where is the stratum corneum thin?

A

Eyelids

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10
Q

Where is the stratum corneum thick?

A

Palms and soles

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11
Q

What does the nail help?

A

Fine sensory motor tasks

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12
Q

Function of the nail matrix

A

Causes the nail plate (flat keratin) to be generated

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13
Q

What is the cuticle?

A

Skin at the bottom of the nail

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14
Q

Function of the cuticle

A

Protects nail matrix from infection

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15
Q

What are the stages of the hair cycle?

A

Anagen
Catagen
Telogen

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16
Q

Features of anagen

A

Active growing phase

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17
Q

What % of hair is growing at any one time?

A

80-90%

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18
Q

Features of catagen

A

2-3 weeks phase of growth stops / follicle shrinks

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19
Q

What % of hairs are in catagen?

A

1-3%

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20
Q

Features of telogen

A

Resting phase for 1-4 months

Old hair sheds and anagen starts again

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21
Q

What % of hairs in a normal scalp are in telogen?

A

10%

22
Q

What is telogen pleurium? When would this occur?

A

A condition where all of the hairs shed at one time

Would occur in a traumatic experience e.g. sepsis

23
Q

Functions of the skin

A 
Thermoregulation 
Skin immune system 
Barrier 
Sensation 
Vitamin D synthesis
Interpersonal communication
24
Q

How does the skin provide thermoregulation?

A

Insulation
- shiver / goosebumps
- contraction of hairs
Heat transfer

25
Q

What is the skin a barrier against?

A

Mechanical
Chemical
microorganisms
UV light

26
Q

What does the skin keep in?

A

Water
Electrolytes
Macromolecules

27
Q

What % of the population is affected by a skin disease?

A

22-30%

28
Q

Causes of skin disease

A 
Temperature
UV
Chemical - allergen or irritant 
Infection 
Trauma 
Systemic disease
Genetics
Drugs
29
Q

Where is affected in a photosensitivity skin disease?

A

Exposed sites

  • neck line
  • arms
30
Q

Pathology of Bullous pemphigoid

A

Autoimmune
Desmosomes stop being recognised and immune system comes to attack it
Blistering and epidermis reaches up

31
Q

Definition of a small skin lesion

A

< 5mm

32
Q

Definition of a macule

A

Small circumscribed area

33
Q

Definition of a patch

A

Larger circumscribed area

34
Q

Definition of a papule

A

Small raised area

35
Q

Definition of a plaque

A

Larger raised area

36
Q

Definition of a vesicle

A

Small fluid filled lesion < 0.5cm

37
Q

Definition of a bullae

A

Large fluid filled lesion > 0.5cm

38
Q

Definition of a pustule

A

Small pus filled

39
Q

Definition of an abscess

A

Large pus filled

40
Q

Definition of an erosion

A

Superficial loss of epidermis

41
Q

Definition of an ulcer

A

Loss of epidermis and dermis

42
Q

Two types of distribution of a skin lesion

A

Isolated / solitary / single

Multiple

43
Q

Another name for hyperlipidaemia

A

Eruptive xanthoma

44
Q

Associations of acanthosis nigricans

A

Insulin resistance
Obesity
Malignancy
T2DM

45
Q

Where is acanthosis nigricans found?

A

Flexural distribution

46
Q

Presentation of acanthosis nigricans

A

Hyperkeratosis
Hyperpigmentation
Papules
Velvety appearance

47
Q

What particular skin condition is commonly seen in thyroid conditions?

A

Pretibial myxoedema

48
Q

What investigations would be done if a bacterial infection is suspected?

A

Charcoal swab
- then microscopy, cultures, sensitivities
Can only be used on areas of infected skin and look for weeping areas / ulcers etc

49
Q

What type of bacterial infection would a charcoal swab not be useful in?

A

Cellulitis

50
Q

What investigations would be done if a viral infection is suspected?

A

Viral swab for PCR

51
Q

What investigations would be done if a fungal infection is suspected?

A

Skin scraping
Nail clippings
Hair sample
Then fungal cultures

Dermatology (11 decks)

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