Struggling at School

Question 1

What percentage of children with ASD have epilepsy?

Answer 1

20-30%

Question 2

What percentage of children with ASD have intellectual disability?

Answer 2

50%

Question 3

What is ASD?

Answer 3

Affects 1 in 100

Characterised by persistent impairment of social communication and restricted, repetitive and stereotyped behaviours, interests or activities

Question 4

What medical disorders are associated with ASD

Answer 4

10-15% are associated with medical conditions

Fragile X syndrome
Tuberous sclerosis
Williams syndrome
Rubella

Question 5

What is periventricular leukomalacia?

Answer 5

brain injury
Most common in babies who are premature or of low birth weight
White matter (leuko) surrounding the ventricles of the brain (periventricular) is deprived of blood and oxygen leading to softening (malacia)

Question 6

Risk factor groups for cerebral palsy (3)

Answer 6

Antenatal (70-80% of causes)
Perinatal (10%)
Postnatal

Question 7

Antenatal risk factors for cerebral palsy

Answer 7

Prematurity and low birth weight
Intrauterine infections
Multiple gestation
Pregnancy complications

Question 8

Perinatal risk factors for cerebral palsy

Answer 8

Birth asphyxia

Complicated labour and delivery

Question 9

Postnatal risks of cerebral palsy

Answer 9

NAI
Head trauma
Meningitis/Encephalitis
CPA

Question 10

What is global developmental delay?

Answer 10

Significant delay in milestones in two or more areas

Question 11

What are the main causes of profound disability?

Answer 11

Chromosomal abnormalities
Cerebral palsy
Inborn errors of metabolism

Question 12

What is the definition of cerebral palsy?

Answer 12

A disorder of tone, posture and movement, caused by a non-progressive brain lesion in a developing brain

Question 13

What are the different types of cerbral palsy?

Answer 13

Spastic (most common - UMN fining on examination)
Ataxic
Dyskinetic (choreo-athetoid)

Question 14

What medications are used to increase tone in children with cerebral palsy?

Answer 14

Baclofen
Diazepam
Botulinium toxin

Question 15

What is the significance of calf hypertrophy?

Answer 15

Typical clinical feature in X-linked muscular dystrophies of Duchenne and Becker type

Question 16

What is Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)?

Answer 16

X linked recessive disorder characterised by progressive symmetric muscle weakness (proximal>distal)

Question 17

What are the complications of DMD?

Answer 17

Resp faiure
Cardiomyopathy
Scoliosis
Osteoporosis
Learning disability