Studies in Relationships

Question 1

what is some evidence for intersexual selection?

Answer 1

Buss 1989
explored what men and women look for in a marriage partner
10,000 ppl from 37 cultures were questioned

Question 2

what were Buss’ findings?

Answer 2

evidence for intersexual selection
women = ‘good financial prospects’
men = physical attractiveness and youth

Question 3

what is some evidence to support the effect of anisogamy?

Answer 3

Clarke and Hatfield
50% men and women agreed to go on date w/ stranger
70% men agrees to sleep w/ stranger
0% women agreed to sleep w/ stranger

Question 4

what is some evidence to support evolutionary approach to reproductive behaviour?

Answer 4

Miller et al 2007
compared earning of lap dancers on pill and off pill
-> most female mammals display oestrus to alert males

Question 5

what were miller et al’s findings?

Answer 5

during non-fertile periods, dancers earnt similar tips
dancers earnt sig’ more tips when not on pill and fertile

Question 6

what is some evidence to support that the evolutionary approach is crosses sexuality?

Answer 6

Bailey and Zucker (1995)
found selection of gay men was similar to that of straight men
-> sexual selection is genetic

Question 7

what is some evidence to refute the matching hypothesis theory?

Answer 7

Walter (1966)
Computer Dance Study
752 students, school dance, told their date would be allocated by computer for ‘ideal match’ but were randomly assigned
marked their date on attractiveness & after 2 hours asked how much they liked their date

Question 8

what were Miller’s findings?

Answer 8

more attractively rated dates were ranked higher for being liked more
men asked out attractive partner regardless of how attractive they were

Question 9

what is some evidence to support the matching hypothesis theory?

Answer 9

Murstein (1972) & Silverman (1971)
judges rated couples together & separately
found sig’ similarity in ratings between coupes

Question 10

what did Hatfield and Sprecher suggest?

Answer 10

social desirability has come to mean physical attractiveness over time
compensating factors for not being physically attractive
-> COMPLEX MATCHING

Question 11

what was Takeuchi’s theory on gender?

Answer 11

men value physical attractiveness more
women aren’t as bothered -> can be compensated for by other factors

Question 12

what’s a theory to suggest the influence of families?

Answer 12

Hatfield and Sprecher
3rd party influences can alter formation of relationship
particularly in Asian cultures

Question 13

what did Altman and Taylor propose?

Answer 13

social penetration theory
self-disclosure = gradual process
revealing information about ourselves is a display of trust = deepen relationship
2 elements = breadth and depth

Question 14

who proposed reciprocity of self-diclosure?

Answer 14

Regis and Shaver
breadth and depth not enough - must be reciprocal element

Question 15

what is some evidence to support self-disclosure?

Answer 15

Sprecher and Hendrick
studies hetero coupes = strong correlations between measures of satisfaction of self-disclosure

Question 16

what is some additional evidence to support self-disclosure?

Answer 16

Laurenceau et al
detailed diary entries - s-d & perception of s-d linked to higher levels of intimacy in long-term married couples

Question 17

what is some real live application of the theory of self-disclosure?

Answer 17

Hass and Strafford
57% of gay men & women said open/honest self-disclosure was main way they maintained a committed relationship

Question 18

what is a limitation of the self-disclosure theory?

Answer 18

Tang et al
men & women in US disclosed sig’ more sexual thoughts than ppl in China
(individualist vs collectivist culture)
enthocentric bias

Question 19

What did Murstein propose?

Answer 19

Filter theory (factors affecting attraction)
-proximity - social background - attraction - peer influence - habits
uses analogy of ‘sifting’ individuals through ‘filter’

Question 20

what is some evidence to refute filter theory?

Answer 20

Levinger
argues researcher have failed to replicate filter theory study
hard to apply out of time period & culture from which it originates

Question 21

who proposed the social exchange theory?

Answer 21

Homans
all human relationships seen as ‘business transactions’
all driven by self-interest
behaviourist view - driven by what rewards / punishes us

Question 22

what did Thibaut and Kelley suggest?

Answer 22

the stages of social exchange:
- sampling
- bargaining
- commitment
- institutionalistation

Question 23

what else did Thibaut and Kelley propose?

Answer 23

comparison level:
standard by which all our relationships are judged
if result is negative = dissatisfied & other person seen as less attractive

Question 24

who proposed the Equity Theory?

Answer 24

Messick and Cook
Walster, Wlaster and Bercheid

Question 25

what is some evidence to support equity theory?

Answer 25

Hatfield et al newly-weds indicate extent to which they though they were receiving more / less than they should also comment on happiness at this time

Question 26

what were Hatfield et al's findings?

Answer 26

underbenefitted = lowest overall satisfaction & levels of anger over benefitted = guilt equitable = highest levels of satisfaction

Question 27

what did Buunk and Van Yperen find?

Answer 27

married ppl who percieved relationship ad equitable = most content women would restore equity by having affairs of 736 ppts , 2x women felt under than over benefitted

Question 28

who proposed the Investment Model:

Answer 28

Rusbult 3 concepts: satisfaction extrinsic investments (shared things eg. pets) intrinsic investments (put directly in eg. time) quality of alternatives

Question 29

what is some evidence to support Rusbult's investment model?

Answer 29

Le & Agnew meta analysis 52 studies, 60 independent studies, 11,582 ppts satisfaction, alternatives & investment all related to commitment to that relationship = sig' predictor of relationship breakdown

Question 30

who tried to explain abusive relationships?

Answer 30

Rusbult and Marty apply investment model ask women in refuges why they stayed - felt greatest commitment when economic alternatives were poor

Question 31

what did Good friend and Agnew suggest?

Answer 31

there's more to investment than resources you've already put into relationship extended model - added investment of future plans

Question 32

who proposed the theory of relationship breakdown?

Answer 32

Duck (2007) intrapsychic, dyadic, social, grave dressing

Question 33

who proposed the theory of reduced cues in virtual relationships?

Answer 33

Sproull & Kiesler lacks cues (tone of voice, body language) = loses identity & behaves differently unlikely to want relationship w/ someone impersonal

Question 34

what did Walther propose?

Answer 34

Hyperpersonal model computer mediated communications relationships have increased self-disclosure lacks judgement can lead to lack of trust and relationships end quickly

Question 35

what did McKenna and Barth dicuss?

Answer 35

the absence of gating in vitual relationships -> s-d become more frequent and deeper -> move away from distracting features

Question 36

who refuted the lack of gating?

Answer 36

Walther & Tidwell ppl online use other cues -> style and timing of responses

Question 37

what did McCutcheon do?

Answer 37

develop the celebrity attitude scale

Question 38

what did Maltby develop?

Answer 38

3 levels of parasocial relationship: entertainment social intense personal borderline pathological

Question 39

what were McCutcheon's findings using Maltby's levels?

Answer 39

600 ppts 20% entertainment social 10% intense personal 1% borderline pathological

Question 40

what is some support for the absorption addiction model?

Answer 40

women report intense-personal parasocial relationship with female whose body shape they admired teen female have poor image -> precursor to anorexia

Question 41

who proposed the attachment theory?

Answer 41

McCutcheon correlation between insecure-attachment type and parasocial relationship