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RUSVM Theriogenology 2017 > Swine Repro > Flashcards

Swine Repro Flashcards

1
Q

What is the goal of cross breeding for swine repro?

A

Heterosis or Hybrid vigor

using breeds or lines to take max advantage of their genetic type

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2
Q

How many pigs should be weaned per year?

A

19-20

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3
Q

What is the goal number of Piglets born per year?

A

10-12

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4
Q

What problems with external genitalia should you look for in selecting replacements in pigs?

A

Infantalism
Dorsally tipped vulva
Male pseudohermaphroditism
Mammary gland abnormalities

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5
Q

Infantalism

A

Small repro tract

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6
Q

Describe Male Pseudohermaphroditism

A

“Fishhook” or “sky tipped” vulva

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7
Q

What problems with internal genitalia should you look for in selecting replacements in pigs?

A

Hydrosaplinx or Pyosalpinx
Segmental Aplasia
Blind or missing cervix
Oviductal adhesions

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8
Q

What is the problem with Hydrosalpinx/Pyosalpinx in pigs?

A

Adhesions formed that cause obstruction of the oviducts

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9
Q

Describe the Mammary system in replacement sows

A

Six functional teats on each side
three cranial to umbilicus
At least 10 functional teats

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10
Q

What are some problems with the mammary glands of replacement sows?

A 
Pin nipples
Blind teats
inverted nipples
Abscesses 
injures
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11
Q

What are the factors affecting puberty in pigs?

A

5-8 months of age
200-250lbs
Breed

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12
Q

What hastens the onset of puberty in pigs?

A

Movement/mixing of females
Long days (16-18h)
Boar effect

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13
Q

What delays the onset of puberty in pigs?

A

Confinement housing

Season

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14
Q

Boar effect

A

most common method used to manipulate puberty

Continuous exposure to a smelly boar beginning at 160-170 days of age

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15
Q

What is the most common method used to manipulate puberty in pigs?

A

Boar effect

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16
Q

Describe the estrous cycle in pigs

A

Polyestrous
Non-seasonal
21 day cycle

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17
Q

How long is estrus in Gilts?

A

36-48 hours

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18
Q

How long is estrus in sows?

A

48-72 hours

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19
Q

When does ovulation occur in pigs?

A

2/3 of the way through estrus

24 hours after LH peak

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20
Q

When is the ovulation rate the largest in the pig?

A

over the first 3 parities

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21
Q

Parities

A

a farrowing (giving birth)

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22
Q

Signs of Estrus in pigs

A 
Vulva swelling and redness
Vaginal discharge 
Restlessness and vocalization 
Actively seeking boar
"Pricking" or ears
Lordosis response "back pressure test"
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23
Q

When should you check estrus in pigs?

A

twice a day

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24
Q

How do you detect estrus in pigs?

A

Change boars to prevent familiarization
Avoid prolonged exposure to boars
Avoid ventilation
Use a “stink stick” or “Boar mate”

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25
Q

What is the strategy for weaning in pigs?

A

All in/All out

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26
Q

When does estrus occur post weaning?

A

4-7 days

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27
Q

How do you induce/ synchronize estrus in non-cycling gilts?

A

PG600 (PMSG + HCG)

Greater than 165 days of age

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28
Q

What effects does PMSG (Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin) have?

A

FSH like effects

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29
Q

What effects does HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) have?

A

LH like effects

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30
Q

What synthetic progestogens can be fed to pigs to induce estrus?

A

Altrenogest

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31
Q

At what point in the cycle are Pigs CL responsive to Lutalyse?

A

after 12-13 days

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32
Q

When is it best to use Lutalyse in pigs?

A

between 15-60 days gestation

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33
Q

When will estrus occur after lutalyse is given?

A

4-7 days

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34
Q

When does Maternal recognition of pregnancy occur?

A

day 11-12

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35
Q

How does maternal recognition occur?

A

Estrogenic compounds

Redirecting of prostaglandin intra-luminal to be broken down to maintain pregnancy

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36
Q

How can you collect a boar?

A

Artificial vagina
Electro-ejaculator
Gloved hand method

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37
Q

What are the advantages of Artificial Insemination?

A

Allows more extensive use of older boars on lighter weight females
Decreases the number of boars and time required for breeding when estrus is synchronized
Promotes development of a close herd
Allows introduction of new genetic material into a herd with minimum risk of disease

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38
Q

What are the disadvantages of Artificial Insemination?

A

Higher level of management in order for it to be effective
Rise of disease is of greater importance
Increased margin of error

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39
Q

What is the gestation length in pigs?

A

3 months
3 weeks
3 days

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40
Q

What is the placentation of pigs?

A

Epitheliochorial diffuse

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41
Q

What is the minimum number of embryos needed for pregnancy maintenance in pigs?

A

4 embryos

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42
Q

When is skeletal mineralization seen on ultrasound?

A

day 35

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43
Q

When is fetus immunocompetant in pigs?

A

day 70-75

44
Q

How long should you wait between piglets before its in trouble?

A

15 minutes

45
Q

What do you use to induce parturition in pigs?

A

Prostaglandins

46
Q

How long after administration of Prostaglandins is parturition induced?

A

18-36 hours

47
Q

What is the medical therapy for Dystocia in pigs?

A

Oxytocin every 30 minutes
Manual extraction of piglets
Calcium

48
Q

C-section in pigs

A

Vertical incision of left flank

Horizontal incision parallel to underline

49
Q

What are complications of Parturition?

A 
Prolapsed vagina 
Prolapsed Uterus 
Prolapsed bladder 
Vulvar hematoma
Vulvar tears
Vaginal discharge/metritis
50
Q

How do you treat uterine prolapse that is necrotic or torn?

A

Amputation

51
Q

Clinical signs of Vaginal discharge/metritis

A

Necrotic, malodorous discharge
Anorectic
febrile

52
Q

How do you reduce piglet mortality?

A 
Supervised farrowing 
Cross-foster within 24-48 hour post partum 
Vaccinate females pre-farrowing 
Feed females according to BCS
Cull gilts that savage their piglets
53
Q

What happens if the entire pregnancy is mummified when greater than 114 days?

A

pregnancy will progress to pseudopregnancy

54
Q

Stillborn

A

Full-term piglets born dead but grossly normal

55
Q

What is the most common on-infectious cause of infertility in pigs?

A

Hydrosalpinx

56
Q

What is the second most common cause of infertility in pigs?

A

Cystic ovarian disease

57
Q

Cystic ovarian disease

A

Multiple cysts cause irregular cycles or anestrus

58
Q

What is the treatment for Cystic ovarian disease in pigs?

A

Do not respond to hormonal therapy

59
Q

What causes Cystic ovarian disease in pigs?

A

Estrus induction agents

60
Q

What are some Anatomical or congenital abnormalities that cause infertility in pigs?

A

Segmental aplasia
Uterus unicornium
missing cervix

61
Q

What are the environmental causes of infertility in pigs?

A

High ambient temperature

62
Q

What causes direct disruption of spermatogenesis via localization within the parenchyma causing infertility in pigs?

A

Brucella
Chlamydia
Rubulavirus

63
Q

What causes indirect disruption of spermatogenesis via fever causing infertility in pigs?

A

Systemic illness

64
Q

What causes shedding in the semen and causes disease in female pigs causing infertility?

A 
Classic swine fever 
Leptospira 
Pseudorabies virus 
Parvovirus 
PRRS virus
65
Q

What bacteria causes infertility in sows?

A

Leptospira
Brucella
Erysipelas

66
Q

What virus causes infertility in sows?

A

PRRS virus
Parvovirus
Pseudorabies virus
Classic swine fever

67
Q

What are the two ways bacteria are pathogenic in pig reproduction?

A

Introduced into repro tract

Resulting septicemia can cause loss of pregnancy and subsequent reproductive problems

68
Q

What is the most common infectious cause of swine infertility?

A

Leptospirosis

69
Q

Clinical signs of Leptospirosis in pigs

A

Mummified and macerated fetuses

70
Q

How long does Lepto immunity last after infection?

A

1 year

71
Q

How do you prevent/treat Leptospirosis in pigs?

A

vaccinate every 6 months

Antibiotics: tetracyclines

72
Q

Clinical signs of Brucella suis

A 
Orchitis 
Abortions 
stillbirths 
infertility 
pig mortality
73
Q

How is Brucella transmitted?

A

By the Boar

Coitus or ingestion of infected materials

74
Q

How long can the boar carry Brucella?

A

Greater than 4 years

75
Q

Characteristics of Brucella suis

A

Sows are infected between days 30-40 will abort between days 65-80
Sows shed large numbers of bacteria

76
Q

What are the lesions for Brucella suis?

A

Granulomatous lesions in uterus, ovaries, testes, ASG, liver, kidneys

77
Q

Where is Erysipelothrix carried in pigs without clinical signs?

A

Tonsils

78
Q

Clinical signs of Erysipelothrix in pigs

A

Arthritis
Fever and skin lesions
Abortion secondary to fever and septicemia

79
Q

How is PRRS transmitted?

A

Semen

80
Q

Clinical signs of PRRS

A 
Premature farrowing 
Stillbirths/mummies
weak neonates
increased abortion
Post weaning respiratory disease
decreased average daily gain 
increased mortality
81
Q

How do you diagnose PRRS?

A

Virus isolation

Herd serology

82
Q

Prevention/Treatment of PRRS

A

Symptomatic therapy
Isolation and acclimation
vaccination with MLV or killed product

83
Q

SMEDI

A

stillbirths
Mummies
Embryonic death
infertility

84
Q

What causes SMEDI?

A

Porcine Parvovirus

85
Q

How is Porcine Parvovirus transmitted?

A

Oral

Venereal

86
Q

What does Porcine Parvovirus cause?

A

Viremia

Fetal vasculitis and death

87
Q

How do you diagnose Porcine Parvovirus?

A

Lesions of the aborted fetuses

Serology

88
Q

How do you prevent and treat Porcine Parvovirus?

A

Proper acclimitization of replacement gilts

Vaccination

89
Q

What causes Pseudorabies in pigs?

A

Herpes virus

90
Q

Clinical signs of Pseudorabies in pigs

A 
encephalitis 
repro failure 
reduced litter size
CNS signs in young (less than 7 days) 
Resp. Signs in weaned pigs and older 
Fever 
Anorexia 
weight loss 
Resorption 
Abortion 
Increased mummies 
Stillbirths
91
Q

How is Pseudorabies transmitted?

A

Semen
Fecal oral
Aerosol
Contact

92
Q

How do you diagnose Pseudorabies?

A

Histological lesions - pulmonary edema, meningioencephalitis
Virus isolation
serology

93
Q

How do you prevent/treat Pseudorabies?

A

Eradication
Test and cull
Vaccination

94
Q

Clinical signs of Hog Cholera

A 
Anorexia 
Cyanosis 
fever 
diarrhea 
vomiting 
abortions
95
Q

How is Hog Cholera transmitted?

A

Semen

96
Q

How does Zearalenone cause infertility?

A

implantation failure

97
Q

What is Zearalenone?

A

Mycotoxin

98
Q

Zearalenone clinical signs in pigs

A 
exhibit signs of estrus 
Mammary development 
vaginal discharge 
Enlarged vulva with delayed maturity 
Vaginal/ rectal prolapses 
reduced testicular development and feminization in prepubertal males
99
Q

Fumonison

A

Indirect cause of abortion due to severe reduction in cardiac output in sows
Decreased O2 delivery through the placenta

100
Q

What does Aflatoxin cause?

A

Poor piglet growth

101
Q

Trichotecene toxin

A

toxic to embryos and fetuses

102
Q

Clinical signs of Carbon Monoxide in pigs?

A

Cherry red tissues from carboxyhemoglobin

Late-term abortions

103
Q

What does Iodine deficiency cause in sows?

A

Increased stillbirths

104
Q

What does Ca deficiency cause in sows?

A

Farrowing difficulty

105
Q

What does Iron deficiency cause in sows?

A

Piglet anemia

stillbirths

106
Q

What does Selenium deficiency cause in sows?

A

MMA

Primary uterine inertia

107
Q

WEI

A

Weaning to Estrus Interval

RUSVM Theriogenology 2017 (7 decks)

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