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Proteins > Switches > Flashcards

Switches Flashcards

1
Q

Regulating Proteins

A

control biosynthesis - transcription/translation

control activity - protein on or off

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2
Q

Recognise DNA

A

bind to non-sequence specific or specific base sequences
transcription factors - exposed surface of bases
RNA polymerase - peel apart helix recognise H-bonding

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3
Q

Transcription Factor

A

activator - RNA polymerase binds, upregulation

depressor - bind to repressor site, preventing RNA polymerase binding

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4
Q

Lac Repressor

A 
bind allolactose
O1 - overlaps start point of RNA polymerase
lacZ - cleaves lactose 
lacY - pumps lactose into cell
lacA - transfers acetyl group
repressor binds to O1 preventing transcription 
palindromic, tetramer
inducer binds 2 domains
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5
Q

Lac Inducer and Anti-inducer

A

lactose - hydrolysed
allolactose - inducer, binds to repressor
IPTG - inducer
ONPG - anti-inducer, binds DNA

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6
Q

Inducer Binding

A 
allosteric binding pocket
conformation altered
salt bridges form
binding region pulled apart
DNA cannot bind
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7
Q

O1, O2, O3

A

repression of transcription by O1
amplified by O2 and O3
CAP-cAMP binds in loop, detects low glucose

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8
Q

Regulators

A

block active site

bind at allosteric site

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9
Q

Post-Translational Modification

A

cleave polypeptide chain

modify amino acids

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10
Q

Subtilisin

A 
cleaves peptides
catalytic triad A32, H64, S221
secreted from bacteria in times of stress 
inactive in cell
secreted then mature formed
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11
Q

Preprosubtilisin

A

extra 107 amino acids
30 signal peptide - guides though membrane
71 propeptide domain - blocks active site
ATP transports subtilisin out
cleaved to form subtilisin - folded
if not folded then blocks secretion pathway
Ca2+ crucial to stabilise the fold

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12
Q

Synthetic Switch

A

site directed mutagenesis

activated by addition of small anion

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13
Q

Natural Switch

A

remove signal peptide

remove propeptide

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14
Q

Alpha Glucose

A

all up
starch and glycogen
folded in to loose helices
branched creates non-reducing ends

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15
Q

Beta Glucose

A

up, down
cellulose
long and linear

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16
Q

ATP

A

glucose - glucose-6-p - fructose-6-p - Krebs cycle

from 34 x ATP from 1 x glucose

17
Q

Glycogen Phosphorylase

A

chops glucose off non-reducing end

PO4 + glycogen -> phosphoglucose + glycogen(n-1)

18
Q

Glucose Control

A 
ON 
high [AMP]/[ATP] ratio, relaxed 
AMP binds allosteric, open active site
OFF
low [AMP]/[ATP] ratio, tense
ATP binds allosteric, block active site
19
Q

Kinase-Phosphotase

A

protein-OH —> protein-OPO3 (kinase)

protein-OPO3 —> protein-OH (phosphotase)

20
Q

Phosphate

A

ATP + protein —> ADP + protein-PO3
kinase add phosphate
phosphotase take off phosphate

21
Q

EGF (growth factor)

A

binding dimerises
conformational change
kinase activated

22
Q

Calcium

A

increased concentration, accumulates with phosphates, insoluble

23
Q

Sarcomere

A

myosin: tail (thick), head (ATPase)
actin: binding sites for myosin heads
tropomyosin: blocks actin
troponin: regulates accessibility in Ca dependent way
myosin heads bind to actin to move thick filament along thin filament

24
Q

Troponin

A

T: link complex to tropomyosin
I: inhibits ascot myosin interaction
C: binds Ca reversibly leading to I conformational change

25
Q

EF Hand

A

6 x alpha helices

2 c Ca between helices E and F

26
Q

Troponin C

A 
INACTIVE 
2 x Ca bound, 2 x Ca sites empty 
TnI blocks
ACTIVE
4 x Ca bound, TnI exposes binding sites
27
Q

Bacteriorhodopsin

A 
alpha helices, span membrane 
rhodopsin in middle
all trans
conformational change, 1 x cis
proton pumped out of cell
28
Q

G Protein

A

activates proteins through conformational change

29
Q

Beta-Adrenergic Pathway

A

receptor + ligand - activated receptor - activated G protein - activate adenylate cyclase - increased cAMP - activated effectors - activated glycogen breakdown

Proteins (4 decks)

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