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Foundations of Neuroscience > Synapses and Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

Synapses and Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

What cells does the human brain contain?

A

Neurons and glia

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2
Q

What are the roles of glia in the human brain?

A
  • Physical support
  • Metabolic support
  • Electrical insulation
  • Guiding connections
  • Signalling
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3
Q

What is the central nervous system made of?

A
  • Brain

- Spinal cord

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4
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system?

A
  • Sensory nervous system
  • Motor system
  • Autonomic nervous system
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5
Q

What are the divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

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6
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system?

A
  • Increasing heart rate and blood pressure
  • Decreasing digestion
  • Fight or flight
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7
Q

What is the parasympathetic nervous system?

A
  • Increasing digestion
  • Decreasing heart rate and blood pressure
  • Rest and digest
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8
Q

What is controlled by the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • Enteric (GI tract)
  • Involuntary movement
  • Smooth muscles
  • Glands of organs
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9
Q

What does the axon do?

A

Impulse conduction

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10
Q

What do the dendrites do?

A

Input from other neurons

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11
Q

What does the axon hillock do?

A

Action potential generation

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12
Q

What happens at the axon terminal?

A

Release of neurotransmitter

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13
Q

How are neurones classified based on number of major processes?

A
  • Uni-
    • Single axonal process
    • Invertebrate neuron
  • Bi-
    • Two axonal processes
    • E.g. retinal bipolar cells
  • Multi-polar-
    • Multiple axonal processes
    • E.g. spinal motor neuron, purkinje cell of cerebellum, pyramidal cell of hippocampus
  • Pseudo-uni-
    • Single axonal process
    • E.g. Dorsal root ganglia cell
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14
Q

How are neurones classified based on dendrites?

A
  • Shape of tree (e.g. stellate, pyramidal)

- Presence/absence of spines

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15
Q

How are neurones classified based on connections?

A
  • Motor

- Internerons

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16
Q

How are neurones classified based on axon length?

A
  • Projection

- Local circuit

17
Q

How can neurons be classified?

A

major processes, dendrites, connections, axon length and neurotransmitter

18
Q

What are synapses?

A

Points of communication

19
Q

What is the electrical synapse (gap junction)?

A
  • Fastest and most primitive
  • Bi-directional transfer of information
  • Physical connection between adjacent cells
  • Connexons allow ion movement between cells
  • Synchronous activity between neurons
  • Rare in neurons in the CNS
  • important in development
  • Glia-neuron, Glia-glia communication , Cardiac myocytes
20
Q

What is the chemical synapse?

A
  • Uni-directional transfer
  • Pre-synaptic to post-synaptic
  • No physical connection
21
Q

Processes of neurotransmission?

A
  • Neurotransmitter in a vesicle in the presynaptic
  • Action potential causes depolarisation opening the calcium ion channel (voltage dependent)
  • Calcium ion influx
  • Exocytosis
  • Fusion of vesicle with membrane
  • Interior of vesicle exposed to membrane
  • Simple diffusion allows neurotransmitter to move out of the vesicle and into the extracellular space along a concentration gradient
  • Diffusion across the synapse
  • Binds to receptors on the post synaptic membrane
  • Rapid termination of signal
    • by re-uptake of neurotransmitter (recycling can be re packaged)
    • or Enzyme breakdown of neurotransmitter
22
Q

What are neurotransmitters? Give examples

A
  • Chemical messengers at the synapse
  • E.g. Acetylcholine, noradrenaline (monoamine), dopamine (monoamine), glutamate (major excitatory amino acid), GABA (major inhibitory amino acid)
23
Q

What are neurotransmitter receptors?

A
  • Recognition site for a neurotransmitter
  • Initiates the intracellular signal
  • Membrane spanning protein molecules
  • transmitter binding causes a structural change
  • receptors are specific for a neurotransmitter
  • one neurotransmitter - several receptor subtypes
  • Nomenclature can be based on most potent, selective agonist

Foundations of Neuroscience (8 decks)

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