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Cardio Exam 1 > Synaptic Transmission > Flashcards

Synaptic Transmission Flashcards

1
Q

Ca2+ entering voltage gated channels in the presynaptic neuron causes what during muscle neurotransmission

A
  • acetylcholine release and binding to receptor
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2
Q

what happens in an excitatory response

A
  • Vm depolarizes

- increases probability of firing an action potential

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3
Q

what kind of gap occurs between cells in electrical synapses

A
  • narrow gap
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4
Q

chemical synapse between neuron and non-neural effector cell is called

A
  • neuroeffector junction
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5
Q

spatial summation

A
  • from different regions of the cell that collide and can be added together
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6
Q

two types of graded responses

A
  • excitatory

- inhibitory

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7
Q

site of initiation on axon of action potential

A
  • first node of Ranvier

- axon hillock

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8
Q

electrical synapses occurs between

A
  • neuron

- another cell

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9
Q

how does Ca2+ get back into the intracellular organelle?

A
  • SERCA pumps
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10
Q

what is the principle route of Ca2+ removal from cytosol

A
  • SERCA pump
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12
Q

inhibitory graded response called

A
  • inhibitory post synaptic potential (IPSP)
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13
Q

when graded potentials exceed threshold

A
  • an action potential is generated
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15
Q

most common name for synapse between two neurons

A
  • neuronal synapse
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16
Q

local current between depolarized end plate and adjacent muscle plasma membrane causes

A
  • muscle fiber action potential initiation

- propagated action potential in muscle plasma membrane

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17
Q

graded potentials at the NMJ

A
  • always excitatory
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18
Q

loops in connexons

A
  • cytoplasmic

- extracellular

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18
Q

what happens after action potential arrives at presynaptic terminal

A
  • voltage gated Ca2+ channels open and Ca2+ enters the cell
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19
Q

how Ca2+ ATPase works

A
  • brings H+ into cytosol

- pumps Ca2+ out into ECF

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20
Q

what activates post synaptic cell

A
  • bound neurotransmitters
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21
Q

what happens to concentrations of Na+/K+ and Ca2+ if NA+/K+ ATPase is poisoned

A
  • intracellular K+ will decrease
  • cytosolic Ca2+ will increase
  • intracellular Na+ will increase
  • you won’t be able to pump K+ into the cell or Na+ out of the cell
  • buildup of Na+ in the cell via it’s concentration gradient will allow you to shunt Ca2+ out into cytosol
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22
Q

whether the post synaptic response is IPSP or EPSP is determined by

A
  • neurotransmitter released
  • receptor at post-synaptic cell
  • whether ion channels open or close
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24
Q

what is present in the membrane of each cell of gap junctions in electric synapse

A
  • connexons
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25
Q

size of gap junction in electrical synapse

A
  • 3.5 nm
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26
Q

what determines whether ion channels open or close

A
  • selectivity properties of channels

- ions present and their gradients across the membrane

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27
Q

where does the action potential arrive at start of synaptic transmission

A
  • presynaptic terminal
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28
Q

which type of synapse is most common in the nervous system?

A
  • chemical
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30
Q

EPSPs action on membrane potential

A
  • move membrane potential toward threshold for action potential
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31
Q

voltage gated sodium channels are located where in neuromuscular junction

A
  • bottoms of junctional folds

- longitudinal surfaces

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32
Q

types of summation in graded potentials

A
  • spatial summation

- temporal summation

33
Q

cytoplasmic loops in connexons important for

A
  • regulation
35
Q

what calcium channels are there in the plasma membrane?

A
  • voltage gated
  • ligand gated
  • Ca2+ gated
36
Q

ACh receptors are located where in neuromuscular junction

A
  • top of junctional folds of sarcolemma
37
Q

where does additional Ca2+ come from mainly

A
  • voltage-gated Ca2+ channels
38
Q

pre synaptic features

A
  • axon swelling
  • synaptic vesicles
  • mitochondria
  • pre-synaptic density
40
Q

extracellular loops in connexons important for

A
  • hemophilic interactions
42
Q

site of initiation on axon of graded potential

A
  • post synaptic membrane
43
Q

organelles that store Ca2+

A
  • SER
  • ER
  • mitochondria
44
Q

a rise in intracellular Ca2+ triggers what

A
  • fusion of synaptic vesicle with presynaptic membrane
45
Q

what happens in an inhibitory response

A
  • Vm hyper polarizes or stabilizes

- decrease probably of firing an action potential

46
Q

cytosolic free Ca2+ can bind to

A
  • calcium-binding proteins
  • protein kinases
  • other proteins to mediate cell’s response
47
Q

chemical synapses can occur between

A
  • two neurons

- a neuron and a non-neuronal effector

47
Q

synaptic cleft size between two neurons

A
  • 25 nm
49
Q

fate of neurotransmitter after activation of post synaptic cell

A
  • breaks down
  • taken up by presynaptic terminal
  • diffuse away from synapse
50
Q

what are connexons formed by

A
  • 6 connexins
52
Q

can action potentials summate?

A
  • no!
53
Q

gap junctions allow for

A
  • rapid communication between linked cells
53
Q

synapses between neurons can occur where?

A
  • on the cell body (axosomatic)
  • axons (axo-axonal)
  • dendrites (axodendritic)
54
Q

ways calcium enters cytosol

A
  • through channel

- through intracellular stores of Ca2+ within organelles

55
Q

graded potentials and distance

A
  • decays over distance
56
Q

cytosolic calcium levels compared to extracellular concentrations

A
  • very low

- so calcium enters cytosol

57
Q

synaptic cleft composed of

A
  • glycocalyx
58
Q

changes in permeability evoke what kind of response

A
  • graded response
59
Q

electron density in post synaptic cell located

A
  • adjacent to synaptic cleft
60
Q

how CA2+/Na+ exchanger works

A
  • brings Na+ into cytosol

- pumps Ca2+ out into ECF

61
Q

temporal summation

A
  • from same neuron over different time to build on amplitude of response
62
Q

what kind of junctions occur within the electrical synapse

what does it do?

A
  • gap junction

- link cells

62
Q

chemical synapse between neuron and skeletal muscle is called

A
  • neuromuscular junction
63
Q

how does Ca2+ get back out of the cell?

A
  • Ca2+/Na+ exchanger in plasma membrane

- plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase

64
Q

two types of synapses

A
  • electrical

- chemical

65
Q

how SERCA pump works

A
  • brings H+ into cytosol

- pumps Ca2+ back into organelle

66
Q

neurotransmitter molecules are synthesized and packaged in what

A
  • vesicles
66
Q

acetylcholine release and binding to receptor causes what during muscle neurotransmission

A
  • Na+ entry
  • ## local current between depolarized end plate and adjacent muscle plasma membrane
67
Q

what type of receptor is an acetylcholine receptor

A
  • nicotinic cholinergic receptor
68
Q

where do neurotransmitter molecules go

A
  • diffuse across synaptic cleft

- bind to specific receptors on post synaptic cell

68
Q

what neurotransmitter is always at the neuromuscular junction

A
  • acetylcholine
68
Q

what happens to acetylcholine at end of muscle neurotransmission?

A
  • degraded by acetylcholinesterase
69
Q

what can pass between cells in gap junctions in electrical synapse

A
  • ions, sugars, solutes
69
Q

excitatory graded response called

  • as NMJ
A
  • excitatory post synaptic potential (EPSP)

- end plate potential (EPP)

71
Q

graded potentials are ____ changes in membrane potential

A
  • transient changes in membrane potential
71
Q

IPSPs action on membrane potential

A
  • stabilize or move membrane potential away from threshold for an action potential
72
Q

start of pre-synaptic events during neurotransmission with motor cell

A
  • motor neuron action potential

- Ca2+ enters voltage gated channels

72
Q

binding of a neurotransmitter to its receptor results in

A
  • ion permeability changes in post synaptic cell

Cardio Exam 1 (25 decks)

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