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Cardio Exam 1 > Synaptic Transmission > Flashcards

Synaptic Transmission Flashcards

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1
Q

Ca2+ entering voltage gated channels in the presynaptic neuron causes what during muscle neurotransmission

A
  • acetylcholine release and binding to receptor
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2
Q

what happens in an excitatory response

A
  • Vm depolarizes

- increases probability of firing an action potential

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3
Q

what kind of gap occurs between cells in electrical synapses

A
  • narrow gap
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4
Q

chemical synapse between neuron and non-neural effector cell is called

A
  • neuroeffector junction
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5
Q

spatial summation

A
  • from different regions of the cell that collide and can be added together
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6
Q

two types of graded responses

A
  • excitatory

- inhibitory

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7
Q

site of initiation on axon of action potential

A
  • first node of Ranvier

- axon hillock

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8
Q

electrical synapses occurs between

A
  • neuron

- another cell

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9
Q

how does Ca2+ get back into the intracellular organelle?

A
  • SERCA pumps
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10
Q

what is the principle route of Ca2+ removal from cytosol

A
  • SERCA pump
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12
Q

inhibitory graded response called

A
  • inhibitory post synaptic potential (IPSP)
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13
Q

when graded potentials exceed threshold

A
  • an action potential is generated
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15
Q

most common name for synapse between two neurons

A
  • neuronal synapse
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16
Q

local current between depolarized end plate and adjacent muscle plasma membrane causes

A
  • muscle fiber action potential initiation

- propagated action potential in muscle plasma membrane

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17
Q

graded potentials at the NMJ

A
  • always excitatory
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18
Q

loops in connexons

A
  • cytoplasmic

- extracellular

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18
Q

what happens after action potential arrives at presynaptic terminal

A
  • voltage gated Ca2+ channels open and Ca2+ enters the cell
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19
Q

how Ca2+ ATPase works

A
  • brings H+ into cytosol

- pumps Ca2+ out into ECF

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20
Q

what activates post synaptic cell

A
  • bound neurotransmitters
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21
Q

what happens to concentrations of Na+/K+ and Ca2+ if NA+/K+ ATPase is poisoned

A
  • intracellular K+ will decrease
  • cytosolic Ca2+ will increase
  • intracellular Na+ will increase
  • you won’t be able to pump K+ into the cell or Na+ out of the cell
  • buildup of Na+ in the cell via it’s concentration gradient will allow you to shunt Ca2+ out into cytosol
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22
Q

whether the post synaptic response is IPSP or EPSP is determined by

A
  • neurotransmitter released
  • receptor at post-synaptic cell
  • whether ion channels open or close
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24
Q

what is present in the membrane of each cell of gap junctions in electric synapse

A
  • connexons
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25
Q

size of gap junction in electrical synapse

A
  • 3.5 nm
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26
Q

what determines whether ion channels open or close

A
  • selectivity properties of channels

- ions present and their gradients across the membrane

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27
where does the action potential arrive at start of synaptic transmission
- presynaptic terminal
28
which type of synapse is most common in the nervous system?
- chemical
30
EPSPs action on membrane potential
- move membrane potential toward threshold for action potential
31
voltage gated sodium channels are located where in neuromuscular junction
- bottoms of junctional folds | - longitudinal surfaces
32
types of summation in graded potentials
- spatial summation | - temporal summation
33
cytoplasmic loops in connexons important for
- regulation
35
what calcium channels are there in the plasma membrane?
- voltage gated - ligand gated - Ca2+ gated
36
ACh receptors are located where in neuromuscular junction
- top of junctional folds of sarcolemma
37
where does additional Ca2+ come from mainly
- voltage-gated Ca2+ channels
38
pre synaptic features
- axon swelling - synaptic vesicles - mitochondria - pre-synaptic density
40
extracellular loops in connexons important for
- hemophilic interactions
42
site of initiation on axon of graded potential
- post synaptic membrane
43
organelles that store Ca2+
- SER - ER - mitochondria
44
a rise in intracellular Ca2+ triggers what
- fusion of synaptic vesicle with presynaptic membrane
45
what happens in an inhibitory response
- Vm hyper polarizes or stabilizes | - decrease probably of firing an action potential
46
cytosolic free Ca2+ can bind to
- calcium-binding proteins - protein kinases - other proteins to mediate cell's response
47
chemical synapses can occur between
- two neurons | - a neuron and a non-neuronal effector
47
synaptic cleft size between two neurons
- 25 nm
49
fate of neurotransmitter after activation of post synaptic cell
- breaks down - taken up by presynaptic terminal - diffuse away from synapse
50
what are connexons formed by
- 6 connexins
52
can action potentials summate?
- no!
53
gap junctions allow for
- rapid communication between linked cells
53
synapses between neurons can occur where?
- on the cell body (axosomatic) - axons (axo-axonal) - dendrites (axodendritic)
54
ways calcium enters cytosol
- through channel | - through intracellular stores of Ca2+ within organelles
55
graded potentials and distance
- decays over distance
56
cytosolic calcium levels compared to extracellular concentrations
- very low | - so calcium enters cytosol
57
synaptic cleft composed of
- glycocalyx
58
changes in permeability evoke what kind of response
- graded response
59
electron density in post synaptic cell located
- adjacent to synaptic cleft
60
how CA2+/Na+ exchanger works
- brings Na+ into cytosol | - pumps Ca2+ out into ECF
61
temporal summation
- from same neuron over different time to build on amplitude of response
62
what kind of junctions occur within the electrical synapse what does it do?
- gap junction | - link cells
62
chemical synapse between neuron and skeletal muscle is called
- neuromuscular junction
63
how does Ca2+ get back out of the cell?
- Ca2+/Na+ exchanger in plasma membrane | - plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase
64
two types of synapses
- electrical | - chemical
65
how SERCA pump works
- brings H+ into cytosol | - pumps Ca2+ back into organelle
66
neurotransmitter molecules are synthesized and packaged in what
- vesicles
66
acetylcholine release and binding to receptor causes what during muscle neurotransmission
- Na+ entry - local current between depolarized end plate and adjacent muscle plasma membrane -
67
what type of receptor is an acetylcholine receptor
- nicotinic cholinergic receptor
68
where do neurotransmitter molecules go
- diffuse across synaptic cleft | - bind to specific receptors on post synaptic cell
68
what neurotransmitter is always at the neuromuscular junction
- acetylcholine
68
what happens to acetylcholine at end of muscle neurotransmission?
- degraded by acetylcholinesterase
69
what can pass between cells in gap junctions in electrical synapse
- ions, sugars, solutes
69
excitatory graded response called - as NMJ
- excitatory post synaptic potential (EPSP) | - end plate potential (EPP)
71
graded potentials are ____ changes in membrane potential
- transient changes in membrane potential
71
IPSPs action on membrane potential
- stabilize or move membrane potential away from threshold for an action potential
72
start of pre-synaptic events during neurotransmission with motor cell
- motor neuron action potential | - Ca2+ enters voltage gated channels
72
binding of a neurotransmitter to its receptor results in
- ion permeability changes in post synaptic cell

Cardio Exam 1 (25 decks)

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