T13 Flashcards
Approach, methods, techniques
Definition of approach
It is formed by a theory of language and a theory of language learning. It is a source of principles in language teaching.
Definition of technique
It is consistent with a method and therefore with an approach. It is a specific kind of activity that has a specific goal. It is the narrowest term
How has foreign language teaching evolve before 19th century
- During the Roman Empire: Greeks were taught latin by teacher-slaves.
- During the middle ages: Latin was acquired through the rote learning of grammar rules in monastic schools
- In the 16th and 17th: Latin mantained some relevance as a mental gymnastics and a model of foreign language study.
- In the 18th: Foreing languages entered into the Europeab curriculum of schools and were taught in the way as Latin had been taught.
The Grammar-Translation method
- Beginning of 19th century, primary modern method used in FLT.
- Use of Native Language
- Focused on grammar
- Translation and early reading of classical texts
- Result: inhability to communicate
The direct method
- 1920
- Oral priority
- Use of FL in classroom
- Reading aloud, dictations and repetitions
- Deducing of grammar rules
- Categorized vocabulary
The Audiolingual Method
- 1950
- Focus on separate units: phonological, grammatical and lexical units. Language as a set of structures
- Priority of oral skills
- Repetitions
- Students had a very limited role based on stimulus-response conditioning
The oral/situational language teaching
- 1960
- Situational contexts for the presentation of language.
- Inductive approach to grammar
- Guided repetition and substitution exercises
What does new theories from 20th century maintained?
A language was learnt through the formation of rules
The cognitive approach
- Students active and responsible of their own learning.
- Focus on written skills
- Grammar is taught and errors corrected
- Inductive teaching of communicative competence
+Silent Way
The Humanistic Approach
- The students considered human beings = Development of the student and affective considerations, relaxed atmosphere.
- Student active.
- Take in considerations learning styles, needs and interests. (Gardner, 1983)
- Cooperation and interaction - motivation (Harmer, 2007)
+ Community Language Learning + Suggestopedia
The Comprehension Based Approach
- Similar to 1st language acquisition
- Meaningful communication is primary goal and grammar rules are secondary
- Learners not forced to produce until they feel ready
- Input +1
+Natural approach +TPR
The Communicative Approach
- Recommended in the CEFRL
- Development of the CC through tasks and activities.
- Cooperative work, role-plays, authentic materials, integrated skills.
- Teacher as a facilitator
- Language activities: real tasks or communicative pedagogic tasks
The Action Based Approach
- Students are social agents that must complete a goal with a social impact
- Levels from A1 to C2
- Notion of tasks
The Silent Way
- Caleb Gattegno
- Teacher remains silent, guiding the process
- Learning by Visual Colour sound Charts and Cuisenaire rods
- Syllabus all around structures and vocabulary
- Sounds, accuracy and intonation are reinforced
The Community Language Learning
- Charles Curran
- Language is a social communication system
- Use of assemblies
- Teacher as a tutor
- No specific syllabus
