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Anatomy 611 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

0
Q

What does the transverse section divide?

A

Divides the body into superior and inferior sections

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0
Q

What does the coronal section divide?

A

Divides the body into dorsal and ventral (or anterior and posterior) sections

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1
Q

What does the sagittal plane divide?

A

Divides the body in to equal right and left sections

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2
Q

What structures make up the axial skeleton?

A

Vertebral column
Rib cage
Skull
Hyoid

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3
Q

What are the 5 kinds of vertebrae, and how many of each kind?

A 
Cervical-7
Thoracic-12
Lumbar-5
Sacral-5
Coccygeal-4
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4
Q

Which vertebrae are fused?

A

sacral and coccygeal

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5
Q

How many curvatures does the adult spine have?

A

4 (2 primary and 2 secondary)

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6
Q

Which spinal curvatures are considered primary?

A

thoracic and sacrococcygeal

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7
Q

What function does the cervical (secondary) curvature allow?

A

Allows an infant to hold their head up

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8
Q

What function does the lumbar (secondary) curvature allow?

A

Allows a child to begin walking

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9
Q

Which spinal curvatures are considered secondary?

A

cervical and lumbar

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10
Q

Which vertebral structures comprise the vertebral (or neural) arch?

A

pedicle and lamina

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11
Q

What is the function of the vertebral (neural) arch?

A

To protect the contents of the spinal canal on its posterior (dorsal) side

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12
Q

Which vertebral structure houses the spinal cord?

A

vertebral foramen (spinal canal)

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13
Q

Which opening allows the spinal nerves to exit the spinal canal?

A

The intervertebral foramen (made up of space between superior and inferior vertebral notches)

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14
Q

Which muscles of the back are considered extrinsic?

A

superficial and intermediate- they deal with limb movement and respiration, respectively

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15
Q

What is the function of the latissimus dorsi?

A

it extends, adducts, and medially rotates the humerus

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16
Q

Which nerve innervates the latisimus dorsi?

A

Thoracodorsal nn

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17
Q

Name the origin and insertion of the latisimus dorsi. (4 parts)

A
  1. The vertebral part originates from the spinous processes of T7 to T12 and the thoracolumbar fascia and inserts onto the crest of the lesser tuberosity of the humerus
  2. The scapular part originates from the inferior angle of the scapula and inserts onto the crest of the lesser tuberosity of the humerus
  3. The costal part originates from ribs 9 to 12 and inserts onto the crest of the lesser tuberosity of the humerus
  4. The iliac part originates from the posterior third of the iliac crest and inserts onto the crest of the of the lesser tuberosity of the humerus
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18
Q

Which nerve innervates the trapezius?

A

cranial nerve XI (accessory nerve), cervical plexus

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19
Q

Name the origin and insertion of the trapezius (3 parts)

A

Upper section origin/insertion: occipital bone and C1-C7 spinous process/clavicle

Middle section origin/insertion: T1-T4 spinous process/ acromion

Lower section origin/insertion: T5-T12 spinous process/ scapular spine

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20
Q

What is the function of the superior fibers of the trapezius?

A

they elevate the scapula

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21
Q

What is the function of the middle fibers of the trapezius?

A

adduct the scapula

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22
Q

Name the origin and insertion of the levator scapulae

A

origin/insertion: posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C1-C4/ vertebral border of scapula

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23
Q

What is the primary function of the levator scapulae?

A

elevates the scapula, inclines neck to same side

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24
Q

Which nerve innervates the levator scapulae?

A

dorsal scapular nerve and C3 and C4 cervical nerve

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25
Q

Which nerve innervates the rhomboid minor?

A

Dorsal scapular nerve

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26
Q

Name the origin and insertion of the rhomboid minor

A

Origin/insertion: spinous process of C6-C7/ medial border of scapula above scapular spine

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27
Q

Which nerve innervates the rhomboid major?

A

Dorsal scapular nerve

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28
Q

Name the origin and insertion of the rhomboid major

A

Origin/insertion: spinous processes of T1-T4/ medial border of scapula below scapular spine

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29
Q

What is the primary function of the rhomboid major and minor?

A

Steady scapula, draw scapula medially upward

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30
Q

What is the function of the inferior fibers of the trapezius?

A

depress and adduct the scapula

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31
Q

How many cervical spinal nerves are there?

A

8 (one in each intervertebral foramen and one above and below)

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32
Q

Where do thoracic and lower spinal nerves exit the vertebrae?

A

below the vertebrae

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33
Q

Name the 2 enlargements of the spinal cord

A

cervical and lumbar

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34
Q

What is contained in a spinal cord enlargement?

A

each enlargement contains a high number of neuron cell bodies

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35
Q

Why does the spinal cord exhibit enlargements? (What purpose do the contents serve?)

A

They hold a greater number of neuron cell bodies because they innervate the upper and lower limbs

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36
Q

Which plexus innervates the upper limbs?

A

the brachial plexus- it extends from the cervical enlargement and innervates the arms

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37
Q

Which plexus innervates the lower limbs?

A

The lumbosacral plexus- it extends from the lumbar enlargement and innervates the legs

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38
Q

At which vertebra does the spinal cord terminate?

A

Between L1 and L2

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39
Q

What is the terminal end of the spinal cord called?

A

conus medullaris

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40
Q

What is the bundle of descending spinal nerves that extends beyond the conus medullaris called?

A

cauda equina

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41
Q

What is the name of the thin silver filament of pia mater that extends beyond the surface of the spinal cord?

A

filum terminale

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42
Q

Which bone does the filum terminale anchor to?

A

coccyx

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43
Q

Name the 3 layers of meninges that surround the CNS in order from exterior to interior.

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid
Pia mater

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44
Q

Which component of the spinal cord houses a layer of fat and venous plexus?

A

The epidural space

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45
Q

Between which 2 layers can CSF be found?

A

Arachnoid and pia mater

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46
Q

Which space contains CSF?

A

Subarachnoid space

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47
Q

Which 2 layers does the denticulate ligament connect at intervals?

A

Dura mater and pia mater

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48
Q

Which kind of spinal nerve influences the sensory pathway?

A

A posterior (or dorsal) nerve

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49
Q

What kind of nerve influences the motor pathway?

A

An anterior nerve

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50
Q

Which portion of the nerve immediately branches from the lateral sulcus?

A

Rootlets

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51
Q

What type of nerve comprises the “true spinal nerve”

A

Both sensory and motor nerves are housed in the true spinal nerve

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52
Q

What sections of the nerve border the true spinal nerve?

A

Sensory dorsal root ganglion and anterior root on medial side, dorsal and anterior ramus on the lateral side

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53
Q

Which type of root exhibits a swelling (ganglion) before passing through the intervertebral foramen?

A

Sensory (dorsal)

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54
Q

What type of stimuli does the afferent pathway carry?

A

Sensory stimuli

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55
Q

What type of stimuli does the efferent pathway carry?

A

Motor stimuli

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56
Q

When does a nerve branch into separate rami?

A

Immediately after it exits the vertebral canal through the intervertebral foramen

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57
Q

Which rami remain separate (segmental) through the length of the spinal cord?

A

Posterior rami

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58
Q

Which rami are able to anastomose with other rami to form a plexus?

A

Anterior rami

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59
Q

How many arteries lie on the posterior aspect of the spinal cord?

A

Two

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60
Q

How many arteries lie on the anterior side of the spinal cord?

A

One

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61
Q

Which H shaped section of the spinal cord contains neuron cell bodies?

A

Grey matter

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62
Q

Which part of the spinal cord is composed of bundles of neuronal axons?

A

White matter

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63
Q

What structures do the posterior spinal arteries lie over?

A

Posterior intermediate sulci

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64
Q

What structure does the anterior spinal artery lie over?

A

Anterior median fissure

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65
Q

What feature separates the anterior and posterior roots of the spinal nerves?

A

Denticulate ligament (lateral extensions of the pia mater)

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66
Q

What is the purpose of the posterior compartment of the neck?

A

Support: vertebral column and neck musculature required for neck extension

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67
Q

What is the main purpose of the anterior (or median) compartment of the neck?

A

Contains the deep viscera including larynx/trachea and pharynx, also neurovascular bundles

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68
Q

What is the main purpose of the two posterior triangles (lateral cervical regions) of the neck?

A

They contain the brachial plexus and subclavian a/v

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69
Q

Name the superior, inferior, posterior, and anterior boundaries of the neck.

A

Superior: superior nuchal line, mastoid process, inferior border of mandible
Inferior: clavicle, sternum
Posterior: trapezius
Anterior: midline

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70
Q

Name the 4 layers of cervical fascia in the neck.

A

Investing layer
Pretracheal layer
Prevertebral layer
Carotid sheath

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71
Q

What does the investing layer of cervical fascia in the neck surround?

A

The entire neck - roofs posterior and anterior triangles

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72
Q

What does the pretracheal layer of cervical fascia surround?

A

Forms a sheath around thyroid gland

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73
Q

What does the prevertebral layer of cervical fascia surround?

A

Surrounds the “support compartment” of the neck (vertebrae and musculature), forms fascial carpet over floor of posterior triangle

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74
Q

What does the carotid sheath of the cervical fascia surround?

A

Neurovascular bundle containing common carotid aa, internal jugular v and vagus nn

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75
Q

Which muscle divides the posterior triangle of the neck into two smaller triangles?

A

Omohyoid muscle (specifically, the inferior belly)

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76
Q

Which two smaller triangles lie on either side of the omohyoid muscle?

A

Occipital triangle and supraclavicular triangle

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77
Q

Which nerve bundle lies in the floor of the posterior triangle between the scalenus anterior and medius?

A

Brachial plexus

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78
Q

Which nerves are contained in the cervical plexus?

A

Lesser occipital nerve
Transverse cutaneous nerve
Great auricular nerve
Supraclavicular nerve

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79
Q

Which regions are innervated by the cervical plexus?

A

Neck and upper thorax

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80
Q

Where would you administer a cervical block?

A

Approximately halfway up the posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid

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81
Q

Which five muscles form the floor of the posterior triangle?

A 
Semispinalis capitis
Splenius capitis
Levator scapulae
Scalenus medius
Scalenus anterior
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82
Q

Name the origin and insertion of the platysma.

A

Origin/insertion: lower neck skin and upper thorax/inferior border of mandible

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83
Q

Which nerve innervates the platysma?

A

Cervical branch of facial nerve (CN VII)

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84
Q

What is the primary function of the platysma?

A

Wrinkles and depresses lower face and mouth, tenses neck muscles, helps depress mandible

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85
Q

Which nerve innervates the sternocleidomastoid?

A

CN XI (accessory nn) for motor, cervical plexus C2 & C3 for sensory

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86
Q

Name the origin and insertion of the sternocleidomastoid.

A

Origin/insertion: manubrium of sternum (eternal head) and clavicle (clavicular head)/ temporal bone and occipital bone

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87
Q

What is the main purpose of the sternocleidomastoid? (Bilaterally and unilaterally)

A

Bilaterally: protract (draw forward) the head
Unilaterally: Tilts head toward same shoulder while rotating face toward opposite side

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88
Q

Name the origin and insertion of the omohyoid.

A

Origin/insertion: superior border of scapula/hyoid bone

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89
Q

Which nerve innervates the omohyoid?

A

Ansa cervicalis of cervical plexus

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90
Q

What is the main function of the omohyoid?

A

Depress the hyoid, hold down hyoid and larynx for phonation and swallowing

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91
Q

Name the origin and insertion of the anterior, medius, and posterior scalene muscles

A

Origin/insertion: transverse process of cervical vertebrae/rib 1 (anterior and medius), rib 2 (posterior)

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92
Q

Which nerve innervates the anterior, middle, and posterior scalene muscles?

A

Direct branch from cervical and brachial plexuses (C3-C8)

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93
Q

What is the main function of the anterior, middle, and posterior scalenes?

A

With ribs mobile, aids in drawing ribs up during forced respiration.
With ribs stationary, unilaterally bends cervical spine to same side; bilaterally flexes neck

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94
Q

Name the origin and insertion of the splenius capitis.

A

Origin/insertion: spinous process of C7-T3/ lateral superior nuchal line of the occipital bone and the mastoid process of the temporal bone.

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95
Q

Which nerve innervates the splenius capitis and splenius cervicis?

A

Spinal nerves C1-C6 (posterior rami, lateral branches).

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96
Q

What is the main function of the splenius capitis and the splenius cervicis?

A

Unilaterally, to flex and rotate the head to the same side

Bilaterally, to extend cervical spine and head

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97
Q

Which nerve innervates the deltoid?

A

Axillary nerve C5-C6

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98
Q

Name the origin and insertion of the deltoid.

A

Origin/insertion: clavicle, acromion, and scapular spine/deltoid tuberosity of humerus

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99
Q

What is the main function of the deltoid?

A

The clavicular part of the deltoid acts to flex, internally rotate, and adduct the arm at the shoulder. The acromial part acts to abduct the arm at the shoulder. The spinal part acts to extend, externally rotate, and adduct the arm at the shoulder.

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100
Q

Which vein can be seen in the deltopectoral groove?

A

Cephalic vein

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101
Q

What are the contents of the deltopectoral groove?

A

Cephalic vein, lateral pectoral nerve, thoracoacromial artery

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102
Q

What are the boundaries of the deltopectoral groove?

A

Clavicle, pectoralis major, and deltoid

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103
Q

Which nerve innervates the pectoralis major?

A

The lateral and medial pectoral nerve (C5-T1)

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104
Q

Name the origin and insertion of the pectoralis major.

A

Origin/insertion: medial half of clavicle, sternocostal cartilage 1-6, abdominal part/greater tuberosity of humerus

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105
Q

What is the primary function of the pectoralis major?

A

Adduct and internally rotate arm at the shoulder (the sternocostal and clavicular part help flex arm and assist in respiration when shoulder is fixed)

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106
Q

Which nerve innervates the pectoralis minor?

A

Medial pectoral nerve (C8-T1)

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107
Q

Name the origin and insertion of pectoralis minor.

A

Origin/insertion:ribs 3-5/coracoid process

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108
Q

What is the main function of the pectoralis minor?

A

Draws scapula down

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109
Q

Why is the medial pectoral nerve more lateral than the lateral pectoral nerve?

A

It is named for its embryology- the medial pectoral nerve arises from the more medial branch of the brachial plexus and just develops into a more lateral position over time.

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110
Q

Where would you administer a brachial plexus block?

A

Superior to the midpoint of the clavicle, with the needle directed inferomedially toward the first rib

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111
Q

Which nervous system is considered a “two neuron system”?

A

The autonomic nervous system (ANS)

112
Q

Name the 3 types of ganglia that are associated with synapse sites in the ANS.

A

Paravertebral ganglia
Prevertebral ganglia
Intramural ganglia

113
Q

Which division of the ANS (sympathetic or parasympathetic) incorporate paravertebral ganglia?

A

Sympathetic

114
Q

Which type of ANS ganglia lies anterior to the vertebral column rather than beside it?

A

Prevertebral ganglia

115
Q

Which type of ANS ganglia are located close to or within the effector organ?

A

Intramural ganglia

116
Q

Which type of ganglia in the ANS are responsible for parasympathetic synapse?

A

Intramural ganglia

117
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the sympathetic division of the ANS located?

A

In the intermediolateral grey horn of spinal cord from T1-L2

118
Q

Which division of the ANS is located in the thoracolumbar region?

A

Sympathetic

119
Q

What are the names of the 3 prevertebral sympathetic ganglia?

A

Celiac ganglion
Superior mesenteric ganglion
Inferior mesenteric ganglion

120
Q

Which ramus (white or grey) is myelinated?

A

White

121
Q

Which segments of the spinal cord give rise to sympathetic innervation for the head and neck?

A

T1-T4

122
Q

How many sympathetic ganglia per vertebral level between T1-L2?

A

One

123
Q

What is the purpose of a splanchnic nerve?

A

Used by the sympathetic (or parasympathetic in the case of pelvic splanchic nn) autonomic nervous system to carry visceral afferent and efferent fibers to innervate viscera and internal organs

124
Q

What is the function of the sympathetic trunk?

A

To distribute sympathetic innervation throughout the body (beyond the T1-L2 segment of the spinal cord)

125
Q

Are there more grey rami or white rami? Why?

A

There are more grey rami than white rami because grey rami are output rami for sympathetic info whereas white rami are input and are restricted to areas with sympathetic cell bodies (L1-T2)

126
Q

What structures carry preganglionic parasympathetic fiber from the brain stem nuclei?

A

Cranial nerves

127
Q

What structures carry preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the sacral level?

A

Pelvic splanchic nerves

128
Q

Which type of nerve fiber can a cranial nerve never carry?

A

Sympathetic

129
Q

What are the 4 cranial nerves that contain parasympathetic fibers?

A 
CN III (oculomotor n)
CN VII (facial n)
CN IX (glossopharyngeal n)
CH X (vagus n)
130
Q

What are the 4 parasympathetic ganglia in the head?

A 
(COPS)
Ciliary (CN III)
Submandibular (CN VII)
Pterygopalatine (CN VII)
Otic (CN IX)
131
Q

Which type of ganglia are used exclusively by the vagus nerve?

A

Intramural

132
Q

How does the length of preganglionic fibers compare to that of postganglionic fibers in the parasympathetic division?

A

Long preganglionic fibers and short postganglionic fibers

133
Q

What is the function of somatic afferent fibers?

A

Peripheral sensory receptors feeding the CNS

134
Q

What is the function of visceral efferent fibers?

A

These synapse in prevertebral ganglia (by way of white rami) and the postganglionic fibers go to the target organ

135
Q

What is the function of visceral afferent fibers?

A

Exit viscera and travel through white rami communicants and travel up or down sympathetic trunk prior to synapsids in spinal cord (along with somatic sensory fibers)

136
Q

What is the function of a somatic efferent fiber?

A

To provide motor information to skeletal muscle

137
Q

What is the first branch of the axillary artery (that begins near rib 1)?

A

Superior thoracic artery

138
Q

What are the three branches of the axillary artery that occur once the artery has crossed the tendon of teres major?

A

Anterior and posterior circumflex humeral arteries and subscapular artery

139
Q

Which bones form the pectoral girdle?

A

Scapula
Clavicle
Sternum

140
Q

Which two branches of the axillary artery lie near the pectoralis minor?

A

Thoracoacromial artery and lateral thoracic artery

141
Q

What are the 4 major segments of the limb?

A

Shoulder
Arm (brachium)
Forearm (antebrachium)
Hand

142
Q

What are the two branches of the subscapular artery?

A

Scapular circumflex artery

Thoracodorsal artery

143
Q

What is the main vessel that distributes blood from the upper limb?

A

Subclavian artery

144
Q

Which artery does the subclavian artery become once it passes under the clavicle and across the first rib?

A

Axillary artery

145
Q

Which artery gives rise to the thoracoacromial artery?

A

The axillary artery branches to form the thoracoacromial artery, among others

146
Q

What does the axillary artery become upon entering the upper arm and passing the teres major?

A

Brachial artery

147
Q

Which two arteries branch from the brachial artery at the elbow?

A

Ulnar and radial arteries

148
Q

Which is more medial: the ulnar artery of the brachial artery?

A

Ulnar (pinky side)

149
Q

What do the ulnar and radial arteries become once they reach the hand?

A

Superficial palmar arch artery and deep palmar arch artery, respectively

150
Q

Which branch of the axillary artery goes under the humerus to innervate the posterior region of the arm?

A

Profunda brachii artery

“Profunda goes unda”

151
Q

Which branch of the ulnar artery supplies blood to the posterior aspect of the forearm?

A

Posterior interosseous artery

152
Q

Which vein connects the Cephalic vein to the basilic vein near the elbow?

A

Median cubital vein

153
Q

At which point do the superficial veins of the upper limb pierce the fascia and become deep?

A

Near the middle of the arm before joining the axilla

154
Q

What are the 4 muscles of the rotator cuff?

A

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis

155
Q

Which nerve innervates teres minor?

A

Branch of the axillary nerve

156
Q

What is the main action of teres minor?

A

Stabilizes shoulder and laterally rotates arm

157
Q

What are the attachments of teres minor?

A

Greater tuberosity of humerus/ lateral border of scapula

158
Q

Which nerve innervates supraspinatus?

A

Suprascapular nerve

159
Q

What is the main action of supraspinatus?

A

Stabilizes and prevents head of humerus from slipping into glenoid cavity. Also abducts arm from 10-15 degrees

160
Q

Name the attachments of supraspinatus.

A

Supraspinous fossa of the scapula/ greater tuberosity of humerus

161
Q

Which nerve innervates infraspinatus?

A

Suprascapular nerve

162
Q

What is the main action of infraspinatus?

A

Stabilizes shoulder and laterally rotates arm

163
Q

Name the attachments of infraspinatus.

A

Infraspinatus fossa of scapula/ greater tuberosity of humerus

164
Q

Which nerve innervates subscapularis?

A

Upper and lower subscapular nerve

165
Q

What is the main action of subscapularis?

A

Stabilizes head of humerus, helps rotate humerus medially at the shoulder

166
Q

Name the attachments of the subscapularis.

A

Subscapular fossa/ lesser tuberosity of humerus

167
Q

What are the attachments of serratus anterior?

A

All three parts of the serratus anterior (superior, intermediate, and inferior) originate from the 1st to the 9th ribs and insert onto the medial border of the scapula.

168
Q

Which nerve innervates serratus anterior?

A

Long thoracic nerve

169
Q

What is the main function of serratus anterior?

A

The serratus anterior has three parts. The superior part acts to lower a raised arm. The inferior part rotates the scapula laterally. The intermediate part acts with the entire muscle to draw the scapula laterally forward and elevate the ribs when the shoulder is fixed.

170
Q

Which nerve is primarily responsible for flexion of the arm?

A

Musculocutaneous nerve

171
Q

What is the primary nerve responsible for the anterior aspect of the arm?

A

Musculocutaneous nerve

172
Q

Which 3 nerves of the arm are anterior (flexor) nerves?

A

Musculocutaneous nerve (primary)
Ulnar nerve
Median nerve

173
Q

Which 3 nerves of the arm are posterior (extensor) nerves?

A

Radial nerve
Axillary nerve
Posterior interosseous nerve

174
Q

Which 6 nerves branch off the lateral aspect of the brachial plexus? Name from root to branch. (Think brachial plexus drawing)

A 
Long thoracic 
Dorsal scapular
Subclavius
Suprascapular
Lateral pectoral
Musculocutaneous
175
Q

Which 5 nerves branch off the posterior aspect of the brachial plexus? Name from root to branch. (Think brachial plexus drawing)

A 
Upper subscapular 
Thoracodorsal
Lower subscapular 
Axillary
Radial
176
Q

Which 4 nerves branch off the medial aspect of the brachial plexus? Name from root to branch. (Think brachial plexus drawing)

A

Medial pectoral
Medial brachial cutaneous
Medial antebrachial cutaneous
Ulnar

177
Q

Which ventral rami (C5-T1) supply which terminal branches of the brachial plexus?

A

Musculocutaneous C5, C6, C7
Axillary C5, C6
Radial C5-T1 (all)
Ulnar C8, T1

178
Q

What are the 6 branches off the axillary artery?

A 
Superior thoracic 
Thoracoacromial trunk
Lateral thoracic
Subscapular trunk
Anterior humeral circumflex 
Posterior humeral circumflex
(Sixties teens love sex and pot)
179
Q

Which artery can be seen by laterally reflecting the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles?

A

Scapular circumflex artery

180
Q

Which artery and nerve can be found running together within the triceps hiatus?

A

Profunda brachii artery

Radial nerve

181
Q

Which artery and nerve pass together through the quadrangular space of the upper limb?

A

Posterior humeral circumflex artery

Axillary nerve

182
Q

Which nerve innervates teres major?

A

Lower subscapular nerve

183
Q

What is the main function of teres major?

A

internally rotate, adduct, and extend the arm at the shoulder joint

184
Q

What are the attachments of teres major?

A

Inferior angle of scapula and lesser tuberosity of humerus

185
Q

At what point does the brachial artery branch into the radial and ulnar arteries?

A

Upon reaching the cubital fossa

186
Q

Branches from which artery supply most of the arm flexors (anterior compartment)?

A

Brachial artery

187
Q

Which muscle does the musculocutaneous nerve pierce?

A

Coricobrachialis muscle

188
Q

Which nerve innervates triceps brachii?

A

Radial n.

189
Q

What is the main function of triceps brachii?

A

All 3 heads extend the forearm at the elbow joint and extend and adduct the arm at the shoulder joint.

190
Q

Name the attachments of the triceps brachii.

A

The long head originates from the infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula.
The lateral head arises from the humerus superior to the radial groove.
The medial head arises from the posterior humerus inferior to the radial groove.
All 3 heads insert onto the olecranon of the ulna.

191
Q

Which nerve innervates the biceps brachii?

A

Musculocutaneous n

192
Q

What are the attachments of the biceps brachii?

A

Long head attaches to the supraglenoid tubercle of scapula.
Short head attaches at the coracoid process of scapula.
Both heads attach distally to the radial tuberosity (via the common tendon) and onto the bicipital aponeurosis of the cubital fossa.

193
Q

What is the main function of the biceps brachii?

A

Flexes arm and shoulder, supinates forearm

194
Q

Which nerve innervates coracobrachialis?

A

Musculocutaneous n

195
Q

What are the attachments of coracobrachialis?

A

Coracoid process and medial part of humerus

196
Q

What is the main function of coracobrachialis?

A

Pulls arm forward across chest

197
Q

Which nerve innervates brachialis?

A

Musculocutaneous n

198
Q

What are the attachments of brachialis?

A

Anterior surface of lower humeral shaft and ulnar tuberosity

199
Q

What is the main function of brachialis?

A

Flexes the elbow joint

200
Q

Which nerve supplies the extensor muscles of the arm and forearm?

A

Radial nerve

201
Q

Which nerve becomes the lateral antebrachial cutaneous n upon reaching the forearm?

A 
Musculocutaneous n 
(at this point it contains only sensory and autonomic fibers, no motor fibers)
202
Q

Which nerve is responsible for tingling of the funny bone?

A

Ulnar n

203
Q

What are the roof, floor, lateral and medial boundaries of the cubital fossa?

A

Roof: skin and fascia
Floor: brachialis and supinator m.
Lateral boundary: brachii radials
Medial boundary: pronator teres

204
Q

Which nerve can be found sandwiched between the biceps brachii and the brachialis?

A

Musculocutaneous n. (changes to the Lateral cutaneous n. after this point)

205
Q

What does “TAN” refer to in the cubital fossa?

A

Tendon of biceps brachii
Brachial artery
Median nerve

206
Q

Which 5 muscles fan out from the anterior part of the medial epicondyle of the humerus? (Lateral to medial)

A 
Pronator teres
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longus
Flexor digitorum superficilis (intermediate)
Flexor carpi ulnaris
207
Q

Which nerve innervates the majority of the superficial flexor muscles of the forearm?

A

Median nerve

209
Q

Which muscle of the anterior flexor compartment of the forearm is NOT innervated by the median nerve?

A

Flexor carpi ulnaris (ulnar nerve)

think ulnaris-ulnar

210
Q

Which nerve innervates the brachioradialis?

A

Radial nerve

211
Q

Name the attachments of the brachioradialis.

A

Origin/insertion: lateral epicondyle of humerus/styloid process of the radius

212
Q

What is the main function of the brachioradialis?

A

Flexes the forearm at the elbow

213
Q

Name the deep muscles of the anterior (flexor) compartment of the forearm.

A

Flexor digitorum profundus
Flexor pollicis longus
Pronator quadratus

214
Q

Which nerve innervates the deep muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

Like most of the other anterior forearm flexors, these are all innervated by the median nerve. The only difference is that flexor digitorum profundus is also innervated by the ulnar nerve on the medial border

215
Q

What is the main function of the pronator teres?

A

Pulls (pronates) the radius over the ulna

216
Q

What is the main function of the flexor carpi radialis?

A

Flexes the wrist (when acting with ulnar flexor)

Abduction or radial deviation (when acting alone)

217
Q

What is the point of attachment for the anterior (flexor) muscles of the forearm?

A

Medial epicondyle of the humerus

218
Q

Which flexor tendon (superficial or deep) extends to the end of the phalanges?

A

The deep flexor (it passes through a split in the overlaying superficial flexor tendon)

219
Q

Which nerve is pinched when someone has “carpal tunnel syndrome?”

A

Median nerve

220
Q

What is the superficial sheath of the carpal tunnel (anterior) called?

A

Flexor retinaculum

221
Q

Name the muscles of the superficial posterior extensor compartment of the forearm from medial to lateral. (8 total)

A 
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Abductor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis brevis
Extensor pollicis longus
Extensor digitorum
Extensor digiti minimi 
Extensor carpi ulnaris
222
Q

What nerve innervates the majority of muscles of the posterior (extensor) compartment of the forearm?

A

Posterior interosseous n.

223
Q

Which nerve innervates extensor carpi radialis longus?

A

Radial n

224
Q

Which muscles are in the deep posterior (extensor) compartment of the forearm?

A

Extensor indicis
Supinator
*all pollicis muscles are also deep, but easier to label on cadaver with the superficial muscles

225
Q

Which artery do the anterior interosseous and posterior interosseous arteries branch from?

A

Ulnar artery

226
Q

Which nerve innervates the flexor digitorum profundus?

A

Anterior interosseous n. AND ulnar n.

227
Q

Which nerve innervates the lateral 4 fingers?

A

Median nerve

228
Q

Which nerve innervates the medial 2 fingers?

A

Ulnar nerve

229
Q

What are the three thenar muscles in the palm of the hand?

A

Flexor pollicis brevis
Abductir pollicis brevis
Opponens pollicis

230
Q

What are the three hypothenar muscles in the palm of the hand?

A

Abductor digiti minimi
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
Opponens digiti minimi

231
Q

Which artery becomes the deep palmar arch in the hand?

A

Radial artery

232
Q

Which artery becomes the superficial palmar arch in the hand?

A

Ulnar artery

233
Q

What are the contents of the carpal tunnel?

A

Tendon of flexor digitorum superficialis
Tendon of flexor digitorum profundus
Tendon of flexor pollicis longus
Median nerve

234
Q

What artery is contained in the “anatomical snuffbox”?

A

Radial artery

235
Q

Name the branches of the ulnar artery in the forearm.

A

Common interosseous artery branches into anterior and posterior interosseous artery

236
Q

Which artery supplies the extensor compartment of the forearm?

A

Posterior interosseous artery (a branch of the ulnar artery)

237
Q

Which posterior muscle of the forearm is pierced by the radial nerve changing to the posterior interosseous nerve?

A

Supinator muscle

238
Q

Which two extensor muscles of the forearm are innervated by radial nerve?

A

Brachioradialis

Extensor carpi radialis longus

239
Q

Which nerve innervates the supinator?

A

Radial nerve

240
Q

Which nerve innervates the muscles of the thenar eminence?

A

Median nerve

241
Q

Which nerve innervates muscles of the hypothenar eminence?

A

Deep branch of ulnar nerve

242
Q

Which nerve innervates the first and second lumbricals?

A

Median nerve

243
Q

Which nerve innervates the third and fourth lumbricals?

A

Ulnar nerve (deep branch)

244
Q

If someone has “ape hand”, which nerve is affected?

A

The median nerve is malfunctioning at the wrist. Median nerve supplies flexor muscles of the first two lumbricals.

245
Q

Which nerve innervates the palmar and dorsal interossei muscles?

A

Ulnar nerve (deep branch)

246
Q

What is the main function of the 3 palmar interossei muscles?

A

Adduction (PaD)

247
Q

What is the main function of the dorsal interossei muscles?

A

Abduction (DaB)

248
Q

Name the 3 functional classifications of joints and their descriptions.

A

Synarthroses (immovable)
Amphiarthroses (slightly moveable)
Diarthroses (freely moveable)

249
Q

Name the three structural classifications of joints.

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

250
Q

What are three kinds of fibrous joints (diarthroses)? Name examples of each.

A

Sutural (union between flat bones of skull)
Syndesmosis (membrane between radius and ulna)
Gomophosis (periodontal ligament of root of tooth)

251
Q

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints? Name examples of each.

A 
Primary cartilaginous (synchondroses): the first sternocostal joint
Secondary cartilaginous (symphysis):intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis
252
Q

Which type of cartilaginous joint is temporary in nature? Name an example.

A

Primary (synchondrosis) are temporary cartilaginous joints. An example is in the epiphyseal plate found at the ends of long bones. They are replaced with bone as a person matures.

253
Q

What are the chief characteristics of synovial joints (diarthroses)?

A
  1. They have articular surfaces (covered by hyaline)
  2. They contain a joint capsule (fibrous connective tissue that encloses joint cavity)
  3. They have a synovial membrane (secretes synovial fluid on the inside of joint capsule)
  4. They contain intra-articulating discs (subdivide joint cavity and ensure smooth articulation)
254
Q

What is the role of bursae?

A

They are sacs filled with synovial fluid lined by synovial membrane that cushion structures and allow movement of skin over bony surfaces

255
Q

Which movements are the ankle joints uniquely capable of?

A

Inversion, eversion, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion

256
Q

Which movements are unique to the joints of the forearm?

A

Supination and pronation

257
Q

Name 6 types of synovial joints and give examples of each.

A

Gliding (wrist and ankle flexion/extension)
Hinge (elbow, ankle)
Pivot (radius and ulna articulation)
Ellipsoidal (wrist joint between radius and carpal bones)
Saddle (joint between trapezium and metacarpal of thumb)
Ball and socket (shoulder and hip joints)

258
Q

Where can each different section of the brachial plexus be found?

A

Roots are found in the prevertebral musculature.
Trunks pass through the posterior triangle.
Divisions pass under the clavicle.
Cords occur in the axilla.

259
Q

Where are the lesions of Erb-Duchenne palsy? Describe the symptoms and nerves affected. What is the nickname?

A

Lesions of C5-C6 occur due to excessive strain or stretch of one side of the neck (usually in infants during birth).
It affects the suprascapular n, n to the subclavius, Musculocutaneous n, and axillary n and paralyzed all the muscles innervated by those nerves. Arm hangs limply medially rotated, forearm pronated, wrist is flexed,
Nicknamed “waiter’s tip”

260
Q

What nerves are affected in Klumpke palsy? Describe the symptoms.

A

C8 & T1 lesions often occur when a person grasps as they are falling (excessive abduction of arm). It affects nerve fibers in the median and ulnar nerve, resulting in paralysis of the small hand muscles. The hand will appear clawed.

261
Q

“Wrist drop” is caused by lesions to which nerve?

A

Radial nerve (in the axilla)

262
Q

Lesions to which nerve causes “winged scapula”?

A

Long thoracic nerve (paralysis of serratus anterior means scapula is not firmly held to chest wall).

263
Q

Damage to which nerve (and where) results in the “hand of benediction” when asked to make a fist?

A

Median nerve at the supracondyle of the humerus. It damages the flexor muscles of the lateral three fingers.

264
Q

What kind of injury results in “ape hand”?

A

Slashing of the wrists- thumb can no longer oppose due to thenar damage

265
Q

What is the ligament that connects the head of the radius to the radial notch of the ulna?

A

Annular ligament

266
Q

Which muscle is the primary supinator of the upper limb?

A

Biceps brachii (aided by the supinator)

267
Q

Which muscle is the primary pronator of the upper limb?

A

Pronator teres and pronator quadratus

268
Q

Name the wrist bones clockwise from the lower right to upper left.

A

Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrium, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

269
Q

Name the 3 joints of the wrist from distal to proximal.

A

Carpometacarpal
Transverse carpal
Radiocarpal

270
Q

Which set of forearm muscles are responsible for ulnar deviation?

A

The flexors arising from the medial epicondyle (flexor carpi ulnaris, palmaris longus, flexor carpi radialis)

271
Q

Which muscles of the forearm are responsible for radial deviation?

A

The extensors arising from the lateral epicondyle (extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor carpi ulnaris)

272
Q

What are the joints of the finger from proximal to distal?

A

MP, PIP, DIP

The phalangeal joints

273
Q

In which position are the volar ligaments of the phalanges relaxed (lax)?

A

In extension

274
Q

Which muscles flex the DIP joints of the hand?

A

Flexor digitorum profundus in digits 2,3,4,5

Flexor pollicis longus in thumb

275
Q

Which muscles of the hand flex the PIP joint if the phalanges?

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis flex digits 2,3,4,5

Thumb does not have a PIP

276
Q

Which muscles of the hand flex the MP joints of the phalanges?

A

The interossei and lumbricals flex digits 2,3,4,5

The flexor pollicis brevis flexes the thumb

277
Q

Which muscles extend the PIP and DIP joints of digits 2,3,4,5?

A

The interossei and lumbricals

278
Q

What component of the phalanges gives it the ability to simultaneously flex metacarpophalangeal (MP) joints while extending interphalangeal (PIP, DIP) joints?

A

Interossei and lumbricals working through extensor hood

279
Q

What is the benefit of a “close” muscle attachment? (Spanning only one joint)

A

Mobilization

280
Q

What is the benefit of a “far” muscle attachment? (Crosses more than one joint)

A

Stabilization

281
Q

Which bone of the forearm articulates with the wrist?

A

Radius

Anatomy 611 (3 decks)

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