Orthologs
Genes that can be traced to speciation events (genes found in different species)
Paralogs
Genes that are related through duplication events (genes in same or different species)
Concerted evolution
Species evolving together
Unequal crossing over
Exchange of traits on a gene resulting in one gene with more traits then the other
Biased gene conversion
Damage gene getting repaired resulting in the same as unequal crossing over
Genetic drift
Change in allele frequency
Stabilizing selection
Genetic diversity decreases but population stabilizes on a particular trait
Founder effect
Loss of genetic variation when a new population is established by a small number of individuals from a larger population
Homoplastic traits
Similar Traits created by convergent and evolutionary reversal
Sequence alignment
Deletion and insertions in a genetic sequence
Anaueploidy
Mistake in meiosis
Synonymous substitution
Substitution (mutation) that doesn’t change the amino acid (also called silent substitution)
Non synonymous substitution
Substitution that changes amino acid
Pseudo genes
Copies of genes no longer functional that can serve for the creation of new genes
In vitro evolution
Cells made in a lab for specific functions