test 1 terms Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
stable internal operating conditions within the body
A
homeostasis
2
Q
homeostasis: pH
A
7.3-7.5
3
Q
protective outer covering of the body
A
integument
4
Q
3 functions of the integumentary system
A
- protection (uv radiation, dehydration)
- help control internal temperature
- sensory receptors detect environmental stimuli
5
Q
the epidermis is formed by
A
several layers of cells
6
Q
the stratum basale and the stratum corneum make up the
A
epidermis
7
Q
innermost layer of the epidermis; mitotic
A
stratum basale
8
Q
contains melanocytes which darken the skin and protect against UV rays
A
stratum basale
9
Q
outermost layer; consists of flattened dead cells
A
stratum corneum
10
Q
what do dust mites feed off of?
A
keratin found in the stratum corneum
11
Q
is the dermis above or below the epidermis?
A
below
12
Q
the dermis consists mostly of ____ tissue composed of ____
A
- connective tissue
- collagen and elastin
13
Q
what is the function of the dermis?
A
to house blood vessels, lymph vessels, oil, sweat glands, and sensory nerves
14
Q
sweat glands produce fluid in response to
A
stress (fright, overheating)
15
Q
oil glands lubricate and soften the skin in order to…
A
reduce bacterial populations
16
Q
hair root is embedded in the
A
dermis
17
Q
smooth muscles found within this muscle gives you goosebumps
A
arrector pili muscle
18
Q
genetic condition where hair covers almost all of the body
A
hypertrichosis
19
Q
T/F: skin cancer is the least common type of cancer
A
False; it is the most common
20
Q
rarely fatal types of skin cancer
A
basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma
21
Q
fatal type of skin cancer
A
malignant melanoma
- survival rate: 5 years
22
Q
humans have an endoskeleton composed of
A
bone and cartilage
23
Q
what are the 3 types of cartilage?
A
- hyaline
- elastic
- fibrocartilage
24
Q
tracheal rings, end of nose, end of sternum, and in articulating joints
A
hyaline cartilage
25
what kind of cartilage is found in the external of the ear?
elastic cartilage
26
found in intervertebral disks
fibrocartilage
27
what are the 4 functions of bones?
- interact with muscles to move the body
- support and protect organs
- depository (calcium storage)
- blood cell production
28
found on the outside of the bone; diaphysis
compact bone
29
found in compact bone and housed in lacunae
osteocytes (bone cells)
30
found in the compact bone and are composed of concentric circles (lamellae)
Haversian Systems
31
at the center of the Haversian system, contains blood vessels and nerves
Haversian Canal
32
tiny channels that connect Haversian canals to osteocytes
canaliculi
33
found in the epiphysis and contains red marrow that produces blood cells
spongy bone
34
secretions by osteoblasts become mineralized
formation of bones
35
minerals are deposited and removed at the same time
remodeling
36
bone growth is caused by what hormone?
somatotropin
37
adds matrix
osteoblasts
38
removes matrix
osteoclasts
39
skeletal joints are areas
of contact or near-contact between bones
40
fibrous joints have
no gaps between the bones
41
cartilaginous joints permit only ____ movement
slight
42
synovial joints move ___
freely
43
examples of synovial joints
ball and socket / hinge joints
44
joints are vulnerable to
stress:
- stretching
- twisting
- arthritis
45
the cartilage at the end of a bone wears out
osteoarthritis
46
the synovial membranes become inflamed, the cartilage degenerates, and bone is deposited in the joint
rheumatoid arthritis
47
each skeletal muscle has how many muscle cells (fibers)
hundreds of thousands
48
the human body has ____ of skeletal muscle
more than 600
49
skeletal muscles make up __% of a person's weight
40%
50
the unit of contraction
sarcomere
51
muscle fibers are composed of
myofibrils
52
myofibrils are composed of myofilaments called
actin and myosin
53
thin, two beaded strands twisted around each other
actin
54
thicker. bulbous
myosin
55
what are the 4 parts of a sarcomere?
"A" Band
"H" Zone
"I" Band
"Z" Band
56
"A" Band
myosin and actin filaments overlap
57
"H" Zone
only myosin
58
"I" Band
only actin
59
"Z" Band
where actin is anchored to the sarcomere
60
myosin heads attach to binding on the actin filament toward the center of the sarcomere
cross-bridge formation
61
energy for attachment and reattachment is supplied by
ATP
62
nerve cell and the muscle cells that it stimulates
motor unit
63
a nerve impulse that spreads across the sarcolemma (muscle cell membrane)
contraction is initiated by
64
the nerve impulse cause a reversal called
an action potential
65
sarcolemma is normally slightly negative but the nerve impulse changes it to
slightly positive
66
takes up, stores, and release calcium ions
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
67
calcium ions diffuse through the
cell
68
calcium unblocks binding sites on the
actin filament
69
myosin heads bind to the
actin filaments
70
when the myosin heads bind to the actin filaments, the ____ contracts
sarcomere
71
when the action potential is over, _____ return to the sarcoplasmic reticulum
calcium ions
72
when a threshold stimulus is reached a muscle cell contracts maximally
all-or-none principle
73
as we stimulate more units, muscle strength increases
multiple motor summation
74
the rate at which stimuli is sent to a muscle
temporal summation
75
increase in temporal summation =
increase in rate and force to contraction
76
exercise causes muscles to increase in
size and metabolic activity
77
the number of actin and myosin filaments increase with
increased exercise
78
the number of actin and myosin filaments decrease with
lack of use
79
- involuntary
- intercalated disks
- single nucleus
- slightly striated
cardiac muscle
80
- involuntary
- tapered at the ends
- found in digestive system and lining of blood vessel walls
- single nucleus
smooth muscle
81
- voluntary
- striated
- multinucleated
skeletal muscle
82
what is the long tube in the digestive system?
alimentary canal
83
long tube with 2 openings and several sphincters
digestive system
84
waves of contractions that move food through the digestive tract
peristalsis
85
lines all surfaces along the lumen (space inside the tube)
mucus coat epithelium
86
- 32 teeth
- tongue
- salivary gland
oral cavity
87
produces saliva which contains salivary amylase
salivary gland
88
an enzyme which breaks starch down into maltose
salivary amylase
89
mucus binds food into a softened lubricated ball called a
bolus
90
anterior roof of mouth
hard palate
91
posterior (back) roof of the mouth
soft palate
92
the palatine tonsils lie below the ____
uvula
93
the tubular entrance into the esophagus and trachea
pharynx
94
closes off the trachea so food won't go in
epiglottis
95
connects the pharynx to the stomach
esophagus
96
juncture of esophagus and stomach
cardiac sphincter
97
muscular sac that stores and mixes food; breaks proteins into polypeptides
stomach
98
tubes leading from a series of gastric glands which produce HCl, mucus, and pepsinogen
gastric pits
99
pepsinogen is converted into the active enzyme pepsin when it comes into contact with
HCl
100
high stomach acidity and strong stomach contractions convert food into a liquid mixture called
chyme
101
mucus secreted by the stomach glands protects the
stomach and small intestine lining
102
infection by the bacteria Helicobacter Pylori
peptic ulcer
103
chyme exits the stomach through the
pyloric sphincter
104
first 8-10 inches of the small intestine
duodenum
105
duodenum receives secretions from the
stomach
pancreas
liver
gallbladder
106
what does the pancreas produce?
enzymes and sodium bicarbonate
107
produces bile
liver
108
stores bile
gallbladder
109
middle portion of the small intestine
jejunum
110
rest of the small intestine
ileum
111
what enzymes are produced in small intestine?
sucrase
maltase
lactase
lipase
112
folds in the walls of the small intestine
plicae circulares
113
when you swallow, the epiglottis closes over the _____
trachea
114
waves of contraction of ______ will move food through the esophagus
skeletal muscle
115
osteoclasts ____ bony matrix
remove
116
what kind of cartilage is in your shoulder?
Hyaline
117
growth hormone that initiates osteoblasts and osteoclasts
somatotropin
118
these structures transport nutrients from the Haverian canal to the osteocytes
canaliculi
119
- found in the synovial joints
- your bones start off as cartilage models
- composed of cells called chondrocytes
cartilage
120
what kind of cartilage is in your back?
fibrocartilage
121
where is the Haversian system found?
compact bone
122
release secretions to lubricate the skin and reduce bacterial populations
dermis
123
what do tendons connect?
bone and muscle
124
where is protein broken down?
stomach
125
the stratum basale contains structures that release secretions which
cool the skin
126
when the sarcomere contracts, this band/zone will not change in size
the H zone
127
what are hair, fingernails, and skin cells made of?
keratin
128
when the cells from the stratum basale die, where do they go?
to the stratum corneum
129
synovial membrane becomes inflamed, bone can be deposited in the joint, the cartilage breaks down
rheumatoid arthritis
130
if you sprain something, what have you damaged?
ligament
131
where are sarcomeres found?
muscle cells
132
both actin and myosin are found in
"A" band
133
when an impulse stimulates a muscle cell, it will hit the ______ and then go into the t-tubules
actin myofilaments
