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1
Q
A
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2
Q

What is the central question of Ancient Western Philosophy?

A

The question of the ‘good life’

This question explores the nature of a fulfilling and meaningful life.

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3
Q

What were the charges against Socrates?

A

Impiety and corrupting the youth

These charges led to Socrates’ trial and execution.

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4
Q

What is the Socratic Paradox?

A

No one willingly does wrong

This suggests that wrongdoing is a result of ignorance.

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5
Q

Who was Plato?

A

Student of Socrates, founder of the Academy

He significantly influenced Western philosophy.

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6
Q

What does the Allegory of the Cave illustrate?

A

The difference between perceived reality and reality itself

It shows how education can lead to enlightenment.

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7
Q

What is the theory of the divided soul according to Plato?

A

It consists of appetite, spirit, and reason

This theory argues for a corresponding divided society.

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8
Q

What is Aristotle known for in philosophy?

A

Student of Plato, founder of the Lyceum

He contributed significantly to various fields of knowledge.

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9
Q

Define eudemonia in Aristotle’s philosophy.

A

Flourishing or happiness

It is the ultimate goal of human life in his ethical framework.

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10
Q

What are Aristotle’s four causes?

A

Material cause, formal cause, efficient cause, final cause

Final cause refers to the purpose of an object.

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11
Q

What is rationalism?

A

The belief in knowledge derived from reason and a priori truths

Rationalists argue that some knowledge is innate.

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12
Q

What is the reminiscence theory of knowledge?

A

Knowledge is recollected from past experiences

This theory is associated with Plato’s epistemology.

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13
Q

What is Cartesian doubt?

A

A method of questioning everything that can be doubted

Associated with Descartes’ philosophical method.

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14
Q

What is Cogito?

A

I think, therefore I am

A fundamental element of Descartes’ philosophy.

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15
Q

What is dualism?

A

The belief in the distinction between mind and body

Descartes argued for dualism in his philosophy.

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16
Q

What is empiricism?

A

The belief that knowledge comes from sensory experience

Empiricists emphasize a posteriori knowledge.

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17
Q

What does ‘tabula rasa’ mean?

A

Blank slate

This concept is associated with John Locke’s theory of knowledge.

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18
Q

What is the distinction between primary and secondary qualities according to Locke?

A

Primary qualities are objective; secondary qualities are subjective

This distinction helps in understanding perception.

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19
Q

What is idealism according to Berkeley?

A

Everything that exists is either a mind or depends on a mind for existence

This contrasts with materialism.

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20
Q

What does ‘esse est percipi’ mean?

A

To be is to be perceived

This is a central tenet of Berkeley’s philosophy.

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21
Q

What is Kant’s argument for synthetic a priori truths?

A

Knowledge of phenomena is conditioned by human understanding

We cannot directly observe noumena.

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22
Q

What is Hume’s modest skepticism?

A

Doubt about the certainty of knowledge based on induction

Hume questioned the assumptions of causal reasoning.

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23
Q

What is Hume’s fork?

A

The distinction between relational ideas and matters of fact

This framework helps categorize knowledge.

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24
Q

What is the Ship of Theseus problem?

A

A thought experiment about identity and change

It questions what makes an object fundamentally itself.

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25
What are the basic arguments for God's existence?
Ontological, cosmological, teleological ## Footnote These arguments explore different aspects of divine existence.
26
What is Hume's problem of evil?
Questioning how evil can exist if God is all-powerful and good ## Footnote This leads to various counterarguments, including free will.
27
What is utilitarianism?
The ethical theory that happiness is the center of value theory ## Footnote It evaluates actions based on their consequences for overall happiness.
28
What is act-utilitarianism?
Evaluating actions based on their specific consequences for happiness ## Footnote It focuses on individual acts rather than rules.
29
What is rule-utilitarianism?
Evaluating actions based on rules that generally maximize happiness ## Footnote It emphasizes adherence to beneficial rules.
30
What is deontology?
Ethics based on following rules rather than consequences ## Footnote It emphasizes duty over utility.
31
What is the Categorical Imperative?
Act only according to that maxim that can become a universal law ## Footnote This is a key principle in Kant's deontological ethics.
32
What are Aristotle's four cardinal virtues?
Justice, Prudence, Courage, Temperance ## Footnote These virtues guide moral character and behavior.
33
What is the 'golden mean' in Aristotle's virtue theory?
The desirable middle between extremes of excess and deficiency ## Footnote It emphasizes moderation in virtuous behavior.
34
What does eudaimonia refer to in Aristotle's ethics?
A flourishing life ## Footnote It is a central concept in understanding human well-being.
35
According to John Locke, knowledge is derived from _____________.
Experience ## Footnote This highlights Locke's empiricist view.
36
At his trial, Socrates was accused of corrupting the youth and ____________.
Impiety ## Footnote This was part of the charges leading to his execution.
37
Who argued that morality is a habit formed through character traits?
Aristotle ## Footnote He emphasized the importance of virtue in moral education.
38
Hume called ___________ 'the great guide of human life'.
Custom ## Footnote This highlights the role of habitual behavior in decision-making.
39
Who said we were born with a 'tabula rasa'?
John Locke ## Footnote This concept refers to the mind as a blank slate at birth.
40
The bifurcation between ideas and impressions is often referred to as Hume’s __________.
Fork ## Footnote This distinction is crucial in Hume's epistemology.
41
Immanuel Kant can be most accurately classified as a(n) __________.
Deontologist ## Footnote His ethics focus on duty and moral laws.
42
What is the title of Socrates’s speech at his trial, as written by Plato?
The Apology ## Footnote This work details Socrates' defense and philosophical ideas.
43
Who proposed the theory that there are four causes of an object?
Aristotle ## Footnote This theory outlines how we understand objects' existence.
44
Aristotle’s four cardinal virtues included Justice, Temperance, Courage, and __________.
Prudence ## Footnote These virtues are foundational for moral character.
45
In his treatise Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle advocates for an approach to ethics that emphasizes finding the appropriate medium between extremes. This idea is referred to as the: __________.
Golden mean ## Footnote This concept is central to Aristotle's virtue ethics.
46
Plato was originally a student of __________.
Socrates ## Footnote Socrates' influence is evident in Plato's works.
47
According to John Locke, is color a 'primary' or 'secondary' quality?
Secondary ## Footnote Secondary qualities are dependent on perception.
48
According to John Locke, is weight a 'primary' or 'secondary' quality?
Primary ## Footnote Primary qualities are inherent to the object.
49
What is the literal meaning of 'esse est percipi'?
To be is to be perceived ## Footnote This reflects Berkeley's idealism.
50
George Berkeley was a proponent of _____________.
Idealism ## Footnote He argued that existence is dependent on perception.
51
Who came up with the famous allegory of the cave?
Plato ## Footnote This allegory explores the nature of reality and enlightenment.
52
Who argued that everything in the empirical world is an inferior manifestation of its pure form?
Plato ## Footnote His theory of forms posits a higher reality.
53
Who wrote a number of dialogues which often included Socrates?
Plato ## Footnote His works are crucial for understanding Socratic philosophy.
54
Which of the following best fits Aristotle's definition of VIRTUE?
A trait of character manifested in habitual action ## Footnote Virtue is developed through consistent practice.
55
In one formulation of his idea of the Categorical Imperative, Immanuel Kant argued we should act only according to maxims that we would be willing to make into __________.
Universal rules ## Footnote This principle emphasizes moral consistency.
56
___________ is the system of ethics that argues that morality depends on fulfilling a duty rather than consequences.
Deontology ## Footnote This ethical framework prioritizes adherence to moral rules.
57
____________ is the system of ethics that argues that right action flows from good character traits.
Virtue ethics ## Footnote This approach focuses on the moral character of individuals.
58
Does the following represent the philosophy of Plato or Aristotle? Universals do not exist apart from actual things in the world, and they can be known only by experiencing actual individual things.
Aristotle ## Footnote Aristotle's philosophy emphasizes empirical observation.
59
Does the following represent the philosophy of Plato or Aristotle? Truth resides in the immaterial world of ideas.
Plato ## Footnote Plato's theory of forms posits a higher realm of truth.
60
Rationalism or empiricism? Essences can be known only by studying nature through individual observation of phenomena.
Empiricism ## Footnote This approach values sensory experience in knowledge acquisition.
61
Which of the following statements would an act-utilitarian agree with?
What makes an action right is that the action maximizes happiness, everyone considered ## Footnote This reflects the core principle of act-utilitarianism.
62
John Locke said that '___________ qualities' are objective qualities that can be subjected to scientific measurement.
Primary ## Footnote Primary qualities are inherent to the objects themselves.
63
John Locke said that '___________ qualities' are sensory qualities, including color, taste, smell, felt warmth or texture, and sound.
Secondary ## Footnote Secondary qualities depend on perception and sensory experience.
64
__________________ is the system of ethics that argues the morally right action is the action that produces the most good as a consequence.
Utilitarianism ## Footnote This ethical theory focuses on the outcomes of actions.
65
Who argued human beings are composed of a material body and an immaterial mind that are distinct but linked?
Descartes ## Footnote He proposed dualism and its implications for understanding human nature.
66
Kant argued that it was a universal obligation or moral imperative that we should never treat people as __________.
A means to an end ## Footnote This principle emphasizes the intrinsic value of individuals.
67
_____________ knowledge is acquired prior to experience.
A priori ## Footnote This type of knowledge is independent of sensory experience.
68
Which of the following best describes Aristotle's concept of the 'golden mean'?
A mean between two opposite vices: excess and defect ## Footnote This concept is central to his virtue ethics.
69
Who famously said 'I think therefore I am'?
Descartes ## Footnote This statement is foundational in Western philosophy.
70
Which philosopher argued that the world is mind-dependent because it is composed of ideas?
Berkeley ## Footnote His idealism asserts that perception is essential to existence.
71
According to George Berkeley, _______ is perceiving the world at all times.
God ## Footnote Berkeley believed that God's perception sustains existence.
72
Which philosopher famously said that humans are born with certain fundamental, 'inalienable' natural rights?
John Locke ## Footnote He emphasized rights such as life, liberty, and property.
73
'________________': Though often translated as 'happiness,' it means something closer to 'a flourishing life.'
Eudaimonia ## Footnote This term is used by Aristotle to describe the good life.
74
Using the famous billiard ball example, David Hume said that the theory of causation is based on 'assumption of ____________.'
Uniformity ## Footnote This assumption underlies causal inference in Hume's philosophy.
75
True or False: Aristotle argued that everything had a proper place or end, and that it naturally grows toward that end.
True ## Footnote This reflects his teleological view of nature.
76
True or False: George Berkeley believed that we could establish a true resemblance between an idea and material object outside of the mind.
False ## Footnote Berkeley's idealism denies the existence of objects independent of perception.
77
True or False: The belief that 'human beings are composed of a material body and an immaterial mind' is an example of dualism.
True ## Footnote This concept is central to Descartes' philosophy.
78
True or False: David Hume said we could observe causation.
False ## Footnote Hume argued causation cannot be directly observed.

Philosophy (3 decks)

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