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Pathophysiology > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?

A

Delivers vital oxygen and nutrients to cells. Removes waste products. Transports hormones.

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2
Q

What does the systemic branch of the cardiovascular system do?

A

Carries blood throughout the body to meet the body’s needs and remove waste products. Includes arteries, veins, and capillaries.

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3
Q

What does the pulmonary branch of the cardiovascular system do?

A

Carries blood to and from the lungs for gas exchange.

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4
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

Sac around the heart. Surrounds the heart to provide protection and support.

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5
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

Cardiac muscle

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6
Q

What is the endocardium?

A

The inner structures, including the valves

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7
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart and what do they do?

A

Two atria that are the receiving chambers. Two ventricles which are the pumping chambers.

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8
Q

What is the conduction system of the heart?

A

Organizes electrical impulses in the cardiac cells

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9
Q

What is excitability?

A

The ability of the cells to RESPOND to electrical impulses.

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10
Q

What is conductivity?

A

The ability of the cells to CONDUCT electrical impulses

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11
Q

What is automaticity?

A

The ability to GENERATE an impulse to contract with no external nerve stimulus.

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12
Q

What is depolarization?

A

Increase in electrical charge accomplished through cellular ion exchange. IT GENERATES CARDIAC CONTRACTION.

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13
Q

What is repolarization?

A

Cellular recovery. Ions returning to the cell membrane in preparation for depolarization

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14
Q

What is the P wave?

A

Atria depolarization (contraction)

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15
Q

What is the QRS complex?

A

Ventricular depolarization

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16
Q

What is the T wave?

A

Ventricular repolarization (relaxation)

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17
Q

What are the 3 electrolytes uses for electrolyte signals?

A

Sodium, Potassium, Calcium

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18
Q

What is chronotropic?

A

The rate of contraction

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19
Q

What is dromotropic?

A

The rate of electrical conduction

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20
Q

What is inotropic?

A

The strength of the contraction

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21
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

The force that the blood exerts on the walls of the blood vessels.

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22
Q

What is systolic and diastolic pressure?

A

Systolic is the cardiac work phase. Diastolic is the cardiac rest phase

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23
Q

What is the pulse pressure?

A

The difference between systolic and diastolic. It reflects the force of each contraction.

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24
Q

What is the equation for BP? BP=

A

BP=COxPVR

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25
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The amount of blood pumped out of the heart measured in L/min

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26
Q

What is peripheral vascular resistance?

A

Sympathetic nervous system causing vasoconstriction. Parasympathetic nervous system causing vasodialation. Also arterial elasticity.

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27
Q

What is afterload?

A

Pressure needed to EJECT the blood

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28
Q

What is preload?

A

the amount of blood returning

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29
Q

What is pericarditis?

A

The inflammation of the pericardium causing fluid to accumulate and create friction.

30
Q

What is cardiac tamponade?

A

Cardiac compression from excessive fluid accumulation.

31
Q

What is constrictive pericarditis?

A

Loss of elasticity as a result from chronic inflammation

32
Q

What are some manifestations of constrictive pericarditis?

A

Pericardial friction rub. Sharp, sudden, severe chest pain that increases with deep inspiration and DECREASES WHEN SITTING UP AND LEANING FORWARD

33
Q

What is infective endocarditis?

A

Also called bacterial endocarditis is commonly caused by strep and staph. Vegetation forms on internal structures and creates small thrombi.

34
Q

What are valvular disorders?

A

They disrupt blood flow through the heart

35
Q

What is a stenosis?

A

It is a narrowing causing less blood to flow through the valve

36
Q

What is regurgitation?

A

It is insufficient closure that allows blood to flow in both directions through the valve.

37
Q

What is cardiomyopathy?

A

Conditions that weaken and enlarge the myocardium.

38
Q

What are the 3 types of cardiomyopathy?

A

Dilated, hypertrophic, and restrictive

39
Q

What is dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

The most common, the muscle begins to stretch and dilate.

40
Q

What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

Congenital/genetic, the heart become thicker

41
Q

What is restrictive cardiomyopathy?

A

Build up of proteins, or fats that leads to diastolic dysfunction.

42
Q

What is heart failure and what does it lead to?

A

It is inadequate pumping and it leads to decreased cardiac output, increased preload, and increased afterload.

43
Q

What are the compensatory mechanisms activated during heart failure?

A

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system, activation of the renin-angiotensis-aldosterone system, and ventricular hypertrophy

44
Q

What is systolic dysfunction when it comes to heart failure?

A

Decreased contractility, a pumping problem

45
Q

What is diastolic dysfunction when it comes to hear failure?

A

Decreased filling

46
Q

What is left-sided heart failure?

A

Cardiac output falls and blood backs up to the pulmonary circulation.

47
Q

What is right-sided heart failure?

A

Blood backs up to the systemic circulation.

48
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

The weakening of an artery

49
Q

What is it called when an aneurysm ruptures?

A

Exsanguination

50
Q

What is a true aneurysm?

A

Affects all three vessel layers

51
Q

What is a false aneurysm?

A

Does not affect all three layers of the vessel

52
Q

What is a saccular aneurysm?

A

A bulge on the side

53
Q

What is a fusiform aneurysm?

A

Occurs the entire circumference

54
Q

What is a dissecting aneurysm?

A

Occurs in the inner layers

55
Q

What is dyslipidemia?

A

High levels of lipids in the blood

56
Q

What are LDL’s?

A

bad cholesterol

57
Q

What are HDL’s?

A

good cholesterol

58
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Chronic inflammatory disease characterized by thickening and hardening of the arterial wall

59
Q

What triggers atherosclerosis?

A

A vessel wall injury

60
Q

What can atherosclerosis lead to?

A

Vessel obstruction, platelet aggregation, and vasoconstriction

61
Q

What is peripheral vascular disease?

A

The narrowing of the peripheral vessels.

62
Q

What is thromboangitis obliterans?

A

An inflammatory condition of the arteries.

63
Q

What is Raynaud’s disease?

A

Vasospasms of arteries usually in the hands because of sympathetic stimulation

64
Q

What is coronary artery disease?

A

Atherosclerotic changes of the coronary arteries it impairs myocardial tissue perfusion.

65
Q

What is an angina?

A

Chest pain resulting from myocardium ischemia

66
Q

What is an infarction?

A

Permanent necrotic damage to the myocardium

67
Q

What is stable angina?

A

Goes away with demand reduction

68
Q

What is unstable angina?

A

Increased intensity or frequency, does not go away with demand reduction, occurs at rest.

69
Q

What is a thrombus?

A

A stationary blood clot

70
Q

What is Virchow’s Triad?

A

Endothelial injury, sluggish blood flow, and increased clotting

71
Q

What is an emboli?

A

A traveling body

Pathophysiology (2 decks)

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