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test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what type of system do the heart and blood vessels form

A

closed-loop

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2
Q

how are blood vessels usually named

A

by the body region they transverse or the bone next to them

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3
Q

what does systemic circulation consist of

A

the blood vessels that extend to and from the body tissues

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4
Q

what does pulmonary circulation consist of

A

the vessels that take the blood to the lungs for gas exchange and then return oxygenated blood to the heart

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5
Q

what are the 3 main classes of blood vessels

A

arteries, capillaries and veins

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6
Q

where does gas and nutrient exchange occur

A

capillaries

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7
Q

define anastomosis

A

site where 2+ vessels merge to supply the same body region

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8
Q

what are the 3 layers of an artery

A

tunica intima: intimate/innermost layer
tunica media: middle layer
tunica externa: outside layers

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9
Q

what is the tunica intima composed of

A

layer of simply squamous epithelium called endothelium

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10
Q

what is the tunica media composed of

A

circularly arranged layers of smooth muscle cells under autonomic control

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11
Q

what is the tunica externe composed of

A

areolar connective tissue that contains elastic and collagen fibers and nerve helps. it helps anchor the vessel to other tissues, protects, and supports vessel

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12
Q

define vasa vasorum

A

small blood vessels that supply the cells of the wall

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13
Q

what are the 3 basic types of arteries

A

elastic arteries, muscular arteries and arterioles

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14
Q

what do pulmonary arteries do

A

carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs

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15
Q

what do arteries in systemic circulation do

A

carry oxygenated blood to the body tissues

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16
Q

what are some properties of elastic arteries

A
  • dampen BP changes associated with heart contraction

* passive accommodation results in smooth flow of blood

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17
Q

define arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis

A

arterio: hardening of arteries
athero: fatty deposits and occlusion

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18
Q

what are risk factors for atherosclerosis

A

genetics, hypercholesterolemia, sex (male), age, smoking, hypertension

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19
Q

what layer does the capillaries have

A

tunica intima (consists of basement membrane and endothelium only)

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20
Q

what do capillaries do

A

allow gas and nutrient exchange between the blood and the body tissues to occur rapidly

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21
Q

what is the sequence of blood movement through capillary bed:

A

terminal arteriole–> metateriole–> true capillaries branch off–> pre-capillary sphincter controls blood flow into capillaries–> thoroughfare channel–> capillaries rejoin–> post-capillary venule

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22
Q

what are the 3 basic kinds of capillaries

A

continuous capillaries, fenestrated capillaries, sinusoids

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23
Q

what is the difference between systemic veins and pulmonary veins

A

systemic carry deox. blood too R atrium

pulmonary car oxygenated blood to L atrium

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24
Q

what is the thickest layer of a vein

A

tunica externa

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25
what is the difference between systolic and diastolic BPq
systolic: during ventricular contraction (120) diastolic: during ventricular relaxation (70).
26
what are the branches of the aortic arch in sequence relative to L ventricle
1. coronary artery 2. brachiocephalic 3. L common carotid 4. subclavian c. thoracic aorta
27
what is the route of venous return to the heart
external iliac and lower limb/internal iliac & pelvis--> common iliac v--> inferior vena cava
28
what are the branches of the external carotid that arise in carotid triangle
superior thyroid artery, ascending pharyngeal artery, lingual artery, facial artery, occipital artery
29
what supplies arterial supply to the brain (internal)
vertebral arteries and internal carotid artery
30
what arterial supply goes to the head (external)
external carotid arteries
31
what arterial supply goes to the neck (external)
external carotid arteries, thyrocervical trunks (from subclavian arteries)
32
what is the venous drainage of the head and neck
brain: dural sinuses to internal jugular veins head: internal and external jugular veins, vertebral veins neck: internal and external jugular veins
33
what is the circle of willis/cerebral arterial circle formed from
posterior cerebral arteries and posterior communicating arteries, internal carotid arteries, anterior cerebral arteries, and anterior communicating arteries
34
what does the circle of willis/cerebral arterial circle do
equalizes blood pressure in the brain and can provide collateral channels should one vessel become blocked
35
what are the branches of the abdominal aorta and where do they go
to diaphragm (inferior phrenic) to GI tract (celiac, superior & inferior mesenteric) to other organs not part of the gut (suprarenal, renal, gonadal) to the body wall (lumbar arteries, analogous to intercostal arteries)
36
define the hepatic portal system
venous network that drains the GI tract and shunts the blood to the liver for processing and absorption of transported materials
37
what does blood exit the liver through
hepatic veins that merge with the inferior vena cava
38
what are the 3 sources of blood supply to the thoracic wall
axillary (supreme thoracic and lateral thoracic) subclavian *(internal thoracic artery) aorta (intercostal arteries)
39
what occurs to systolic blood pressure with age
it typically increases
40
what epithelium makes up the early neural tube
pseudo stratified columnar epithelium
41
what are the 2 cell lineages of bipotential progenitor cells
neuronal lineage--> neurons | glial lineage--> neuroglia
42
what is contained in the mantle layer
gray matter in the spinal cord (neural glia)
43
what is contained in the marginal layer
neuronal processes (axons)
44
what are the steps of molecular regulation of nerve differentiation in the spinal cord
1. BMP4 and & serceted ni the ectoderm establish a signaling center in the roof plate 2. BMP4 in the roof plate up regulates a cascade of TGF-beta proteins 3. SHH from notochord establishes additional SHH signaling in the floor plate 4. overlapping gradient involving the dorsal and ventral factors is established in the neural tube
45
define paraxial mesoderm
longitudinal blocks of tissue on either side of the notochord. it gives rise to the axial skeleton and skeletal muscle
46
what does the intermediate mesoderm give rise to
urogenital system
47
what does the lateral plate mesoderm give rise to
connective tissue and skeleton of the limbs and smooth muscle and connective tissue of viscera and blood vessels
48
what s the segmentation of the axial mesoderm controlled by
pulses of gene expression
49
what is the notch signaling network
evolutionarily conserved intercellular signalling pathway that regulates interactions between physically adjacent cells
50
where does notch protein accumulate
in presomitic mesoderm destined to form the next somite and then decreases as that somite is established
51
what regulates the boundaries of each somite
retinoid acid and combination of FGF8 and WNT3a
52
what are the 3 divisions of a sometime and what do they become
sclerotome: ventromedial portion of closest to the notochord dermatome: will become the dermis myotome: gives rise to muscles
53
where does resegmentation take place
sclerotome
54
how is the kind of vertebrae a somite will become controlled
the interaction of Hox genes
55
what does MyoD do
transcription factor that regulates hypaxial muscle development
56
what does MYF5 do
transcription factor that regulates epaxial muscle development
57
what does the intermediate mesoderm form
gonads (except primitive germ cells) | ducts, accessory glands of urinary and reproductive tracts
58
define congenital scoliosis
abnormal lateral curvature of the spine, resulting from disruption of normal vertebral development
59
what do ribs arise from
zones of condensed mesenchyme lateral to the body of the vertebra
60
what does the sternum develop from
cartilaginous sternal bars in ventral body wall (fuse with one another in cranial-caudal direction)
61
explain pectus carinatum
overgrowth of cartilage causing the sternum to protrude
62
explain pectus excavatum
assumed to be caused by overgrowth of the costal cartilage. costal cartilage overgrowth restricts the expansions of the ribs and pushes the sternum inward
63
how is the position of limbs along the craniocaudal axis regulated
Hox genes
64
what is limb outgrowth initiated by
TBX5 and FGF10 in the forelimb and TBX4 and FGF10 in the hindlimb secreted by the lateral plate mesoderm cells
65
what is the partial or complete absence of a limb called
part: mesomelia all: amelia
66
define phocomelia
feet and hands arise very close to the trunk
67
what induces the formation of the AER
once limb outgrowth is initiated, BMP, expressed in ventral ectoderm induce its formation
68
what 2 regions control limb tissue development
AER | ZPA
69
what occurs in the progress zone
mitosis and limb lengthening
70
what does AER do
it is a thickened ectoderm on apex of limb bud | it directs limb bud organization along proximo-distal axis and matins dorsal/ventral axes
71
what does AER express after it is established and what do they do
FGF4 and 8: maintain the progress zone
72
what is the ZPA
mesodermal cells located at the base of the limb bud
73
what does the ZPA produce and do
produces retionic acid (which initiated expression of SHH) | it directs the organization of limb bud and patterning of digits
74
what is polydactyly due to
misimpression of RA and/or SHH | duplication of AER
75
define zone of differentiation
region of cell specialization
76
what happens to cells that are no longer within range of AER
they remain proximal in nature
77
explain syndactyly
most common limb abnormality webbed fingers or toes failure of programmed apoptosis in digital ray
78
what does the neural crest give rise to
schwann cells
79
how do the upper limbs rotate
90 degrees laterally
80
how do the lower limbs rotate
90 degrees medially
81
explain achondroplasia
most prevalent form of dwarfism mutate of FGF-R3 pathological changes at epiphyseal plate: zones of proliferation and hypertrophy are narrow and disorganized
82
what is the difference between tendons and ligaments
tendons: attach muscle to bone, skin or another muscle ligaments: attach bone to bone
83
define aponeurosis
thin, flattened sheet of tendons
84
define origin
less movable attachment of a muscle
85
define insertion
more movable attachment of the muscle
86
describe circular organization of fascicles
muscle is also called a sphincter because contraction of the muscle closes off the opening
87
describe convergent organization of fascicles
muscle has widespread muscle fibers that converge on a common attachment site and are often triangular in shape
88
describe parallel organization of fascicles
fascicles run parallel to its long axis (have a central body called belly/gaster)
89
describe pennate organization of fascicles
have one or more tendons extending through their body, and the fascicles are arranged at an oblique angle to the tendon
90
define effort, load and fulcrum
effort: work required load: what is being resisted or being moved fulcrum: point of movement (joint)
91
define resistance arm
distance between axis and point of resistance application
92
define force arm
distance between axis and point of force
93
describe the 3 classes of levers
1: has fulcrum in middle (between force and resistance) 2: resistance is between the fulcrum and applied force 3: force is applied between the resistance and the fulcrum (most common levers in the body)
94
define agonists
primer mover contracts to produce a particular movement
95
define antagonist
actions oppose those of the agonist
96
define synergist
assist the prime mover in performing its action contraction contributes to tension exerted close to the insertion of the muscle or stabilizes the point of origin may also assist an agonist by preventing movement at a joint and thereby stabilizing the origin of the agonist called fixators

anatomy (Woods) (19 decks)

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