Protic solvents
consist of molecules that can act as hydrogen-bond donors
Polar solvents
polar molecules, have high dielectric constant
Donor solvents
molecules that can donate unshared electron pairs-that is molecules that can act as lewis bases. (not nucleophiles bc don’t form bond with)
Hydrogen bonds occur when a hydrogen can be put btwn ____
oxygens, nitrogens, halogens
Hexane
apolar, aprotic, nondonor
THF
apolar, aprotic, donor and dissolves H2O
Acetic acid (C2H4O2)
apolar, protic, donor
Acetone (C3H6O)
polar, aprotic, donor
H2O
polar, protic, donor
Alkyl Halide
Halogen bonded to the carbon of an alkyl group
Alcohol
a hydroxy group (-OH) is bonded to the carbon of an alkyl group
Thiols (Mercaptans)
a sulfahydryl group (-SH also called mercapto group) is bonded to an alkyl group
Ether
an oxygen is bonded to two carbons groups
Sulfide (thioether)
a sulfur bonded to two carbon groups
Glycols
compounds that contain two or more hydroxy (-OH) groups on adjacent carbons
Common nomenclature: Alkyl Halides
- name of alkyl group followed by name of halide
ex: CH3CH2-Cl = ethyl cholride
Common nomenclature: Alcohols and Thiols
Common name derived by specifying the alkyl group that is attached to the -OH or -SH group then adding the word alcohol or mercaptan
Common nomenclature: Ethers and Sulfides
-cite the two groups attached to the Oxygen or Sulfur in alphabetical order and follow with the word ether (for O) or sulfide (for S)
Oxirane (ethylene oxide)
-parent compound to a special class of heterocyclic ethers called epoxides
Isomers
have the same molecular formula
Stereoisomers
- same molecular formula
- same atomic connectivity
constitutional isomers
- same molecular formula
- different atomic connectivity
enantiomers
- same molecular formula
- same atomic connectivity
- noncongruent mirror images
diastereomers
- same molecular formula
- same atomic connectivity
- not mirror images
Meso compounds
- same molecular formula
- same atomic connectivity
- congruent mirror images (internal plane of symmetry)
Conformational stereoisomers
In chemistry, conformational isomerism is a form of stereoisomerism in which the isomerscan be interconverted exclusively by rotations about formally single bonds
Naming: spirocyclic compounds
spira-[#Cs in ring 1. # Cs in ring two]-total carbons-ane
Naming: bicyclic compounds
Fused: bicylco[# Cs ring 1. # Cs ring 2. 0]-total Cs-ane
Bridged: bicylco[# Cs ring 1. # Cs ring 2. # Cs in bridge]-total Cs-ane