Test 2- Biology

Question 1

Neurons

Answer 1

Main nervous system cells

Allows the transfer of information

communication cells

Question 2

Dendrites

Answer 2

Part of a neuron

Branches that receive information

Question 3

Cell body (soma)

Answer 3

Part of a neuron

where information passes through after the dendrites

life support system of the neuron

Question 4

Axon

Answer 4

Part of a neuron

Where information travels along from the cell body to the end

encased in a myelin sheath

Question 5

Action potential

Answer 5

The electrical signal that travels down the axon

Question 6

Terminal buttons

Answer 6

Forms junctions with other cells to send information

Sends it to another neuron’s dendrites through chemical neurotransmitters

Has “bubbles”- synaptic vesicles
– contains neurotransmitter
molecules

Question 7

Glia cells

Answer 7

Support system for nervous system

Question 8

Peripheral Nervous System

Answer 8

Everything that branches off from the brain and spinal cord

Question 9

Central Nervous System

Answer 9

Brain and spinal cord

Question 10

Gray matter

Answer 10

Part of brain that is on the outside

Where the cell bodies of neurons are located

Question 11

White matter

Answer 11

Part of brain that is on the inside

Where the myelin sheaths of the axons are located

Question 12

CT Scan

Answer 12

Can show structure of the brain

Question 13

PET Scan

Answer 13

Can show activity in the brain

Inject things into the brain- causes it to light up during the scan

Question 14

EEG

Answer 14

electroencephalogram

measures brain electrical activity

Question 15

MRI

Answer 15

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Similar to CT, More accurate

Question 16

fMRI

Answer 16

functional MRI

similar to pet scan, nothing injected though

Question 17

Brain plasticity

Answer 17

The brain is flexible and can change over time

constantly changing and evolving

can be suppressed with poor mental and physical health

Question 18

The microbiome

Answer 18

Trillions of microorganisms coexist peacefully

mostly located in the small and large intestines

people can physically and psychologically change based on the microbiome

Question 19

Endocrine System

Answer 19

Controlled by the nervous system through the hypothalamus

Question 20

Oxytocin

Answer 20

Parental hormone

increase during and after childbirth by both parents

Question 21

Acetylcholine
(Function, Agonists, Antagonists)

Answer 21

Functions:

-Muscle Movement
– transmits signals from motor neurons to skeletal muscles

Agonists:

• Nicotine
• Alzheimer’s Drugs

Antagonists:

• Botox
• Parkinson’s drugs

Question 22

Norepinephrine
(Function, Agonists, Antagonists)

Answer 22

Function:

-Increased Alertness
– Norepinephrine boosts attention and focus

-Fight or Flight Response

Agonists:

-ADHD Meds

Antagonists:

-Beta-Blockers

Question 23

Dopamine
(Function, Agonists, Antagonists)

Answer 23

Function:

• Reward and Pleasure
  – Encourages you to repeat activities that lead to positive activities
• Motivation and Drive

Agonists:

• Parkinson’s Disease Medications
• ADHD Medications

Antagonists:

-Antipsychotics

Question 24

Serotonin
(Function, Agonists, Antagonists)

Answer 24

Function:

• Mood Regulation
  – boosts happiness and emotional stability, reduces anxiety and depression

Agonists:

• SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors)
• Antianxiety drugs

Antagonists:

• Atypical Antipsychotics

Question 25

GABA (Function, Agonists, Antagonists)

Answer 25

Function: - Reduction of Anxiety -- decreases excessive brain activity, reduces anxiety - Promotion of Sleep -- inhibits arousal pathways, leads to relaxation and drowsiness Agonists: - Benzodiazepines - Alcohol Antagonists - Flumazenil

Question 26

Endorphins (Function, Agonists, Antagonists)

Answer 26

Functions: - Pain Relief - Euphoria and Pleasure Agonists: - Opiods Antagonists: - Beta-endorphins

Question 27

Medulla (functions)

Answer 27

Regulates bodily activities such as HEART RHYTHM, BREATHING, BLOOD FLOW Produces reflexive activities such as SNEEZING, VOMITING, COUGHING, SWALLOWING

Question 28

Pons (functions)

Answer 28

Influences sleep cycle and ALERTNESS when awoken

Question 29

Reticular Formation (functions)

Answer 29

SLEEP, WAKEFULNESS

Question 30

Thalamus (functions)

Answer 30

The body's INFORMATION RELAY STATION All information in the body is sent through here before the cerebral cortex

Question 31

Cerebellum (functions)

Answer 31

COORDINATES FINE MUSCLES MOVEMENT AND BALANCE

Question 32

Amygdala (functions)

Answer 32

Automatically DETECT DANGER Play are role in EMOTIONAL CONTROL AND AGGRESSION

Question 33

Hypothalamus (functions)

Answer 33

Keeps the body in HOMEOSTASIS - BODY TEMPERATURE, HUNGER, THIRST, MOOD, SEX DRIVE, SLEEP

Question 34

Pituitary Gland (functions)

Answer 34

Regulates the FLOW OF HORMONES RECIEVES CHEMICAL SIGNALS FROM THE HYPOTHALAMUS THROUGH ITS STALK AND BLOOD SUPPLY

Question 35

Hippocampus (functions)

Answer 35

Involved in MEMORY

Question 36

Cerebrum (functions)

Answer 36

Conscious thought CEREBRAL CORTEX is the outer layer Divided by a CORPUS CALLOSUM

Question 37

Frontal lobe (functions)

Answer 37

Involved in SPEAKING, PLANNING, JUDGING, ABSTRACT THINKING

Question 38

Parietal lobe (functions)

Answer 38

Involved in TOUCH and BODY POSITION

Question 39

Temporal lobe (functions)

Answer 39

Involved in COMPREHENSION, SPEECH, AND SOUND

Question 40

Occipital lobe (functions)

Answer 40

Involved in SIGHT