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History > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Silla Korea

A
  1. The southern Korean state of Silla (688-918) defeated its Korean rival Koguryo at the price of
    becoming a vassal of China.
  2. Silla borrowed Chinese culture and institutions including Buddhism, Confucianism, writing,
    woodblock printing, and astronomical observations. Tang government structures.
  3. Silla differed from China in its larger gap between rich and poor and its less severe gender bias, with three queens.
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2
Q

Koryo Era Korea

A
  1. The Koryo state (918-1392) continued Chinese influence, including setting up an examination system and Confucian schools, adopting neo-Confucianism, the growth of Buddhism, and movable-type printing,which the Koreans improved with the worlds first metal moveable-printing in 1234.
  2. Koreans had a distinctive system as their kings were not as strong as Chinese emperors and their
    farming system relied on large estates.
  3. Koryo women played less of a role in public than women during Silla rule.
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3
Q

Nara Japan

A
  1. Japanese rulers hoped to transform Japan into a centralized empire like the Tang when they enacted the Taika (Great Change) reform of 646. Split country into provinces with governors, and adopted Buddhism.
  2. The height of the period of borrowing comes from the period (710-784) named after Japans first
    capital at Nara, built on the model of Chinese capital Chang’an.
  3. Japan became a dyarchy, with a dual government split between a powerful family filling the highest government posts and a weak, figurehead emperor.

D. Nara Culture and Thought

  1. Nara leaders blended Chinese culture with Japanese traditions, adopting Chinese clothing, buildings, Confucianism, Buddhism, and writing, adapted to the Japanese language.
  2. Although they imported Tang Buddhism, the Japanese also maintained their own animist religion, Shinto, worshipping beautiful natural phenomena such as Mt. Fuji and maintaining personal habits such asritual purity, bathing, and personal cleanliness.

**Buddhism becomes popular in Japan. Heavy Sinicizasion (land reform, gov’t structure, lit.).

Japanese began to be written in Chinese characters. Formulation of legal codes, like Taiho Code. 1st Emperor who became the focus of Shinto religion.

  1. Economic unrest was felt, pesants resented corvee (forced labor) and military draft, many became rootless ronin(wave people). Abolished the draft after this.
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4
Q

Heian Japan

A
  1. In the Heian period (794-1184), foreign contacts were stopped, and a small group of elite aesthetes
    pursued high culture in the closed world of the court.
  2. Heian court society developed kana, a phonetic script, allowing greater nuance and expression in
    Japanese.
  3. The climax of Heian culture was about 1000 CE among privileged group of families in the court at
    Kyoto, who focused on poetry, beauty, clothes, literature, and love affairs.
  4. Heian women, such as Lady Murasaki, experienced their highest point in Japanese history, receiving education and freedom to pursue sexual promiscuity without the burden of demanding jobs. Beauty was superficial and lots of time was focused on details.

F. The Decline of Heian Japan
1. Heian aristocrats felt increasingly isolated in Kyoto, and their literature reflected a sentiment of
pessimism that their world would survive. Only small elite could afford the aesthetic perfection lifestyle. Too removed from reality to survive.

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5
Q

Yi Dynasty Korea

A
  1. The Yi (1392-1910), dynasty after Mongols, state known as Choson, sought a good relationship with China and had a tribute relationship. Expanded Confucian influence, which in turn led to more education, civil service exams, and restrictions on women, including arranged marriages, veiling, and strict obedience to male relatives.
  2. King Sejong (r. 1418-1450) was a strong supporter of scientific progress, writing books on agriculture and forming the Hall of Worthies, a scholarly think tank.
  3. Koreans created the world’s first rain gauges installed throughout the country to keep accurate rainfall records. 365 vol. encyclopedia on medical knowledge, more creative and sophisticated era.
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6
Q

The Samurai in Japan

A
  1. The samurai (one who serves) warriors triumphed because:
    a) Heian provincial governors delegated their responsibilities to local officials; imperial forces were weak so political and military power dispersed to rural areas.
    b) Rural society was changing from a system where peasants owed taxes to the emperor to one where they were bound to the land, supplying food in exchange for protection.
  2. Samurai followed a strict code of Bushido (way of the warrior) that called for fierce loyalty to one’s
    leader, absolute indifference to all hardship, and ritual suicide in case of dishonor.
    • the warrior class moved to supremacy over the emperor and the court more like Zhou period. Military power absorbed into itself political and economic authority and all three became defined in terms of rights to land and relations between lords and vassals.
  • *Tomoe Gozen, woman Samurai.
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7
Q

Minamoto-no-Yoritomo

A

Set up the Kamakura (1180-1333) military government near Tokyo after winning a civil war, earning the title of shogun (barbarian-subduing generalissimo) from the emperor, who remained in seclusion in Kyoto, preferring to have a military dictator rule the country for him. Was responsible for internal/external defense and nominated sucessor.

  1. The imperial house, tracing its origins back to the Sun Goddess, was politically impotent, but no truly historical shogun tried seriously to abolish it.
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8
Q

Kamikaze

A
  1. During the Kamakura Shogunate the Mongols twice failed to invade Japan, in 1274 and 1281; the latter attempt was destroyed by a typhoon, or kamikaze (divine winds), convincing Japanese they had special divine protection. Ceramic bombs, the world first sea going projectiles used.

**feudalism firmly established, and rise of the warrior class of samurai. Age of the shogun and bakufu,

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9
Q

Japanese Life

A
  1. Japanese families became more patriarchal, with arranged marriages, where women moved to their husband’s family, were considered property, and expected to be obedient. The individual less important than group.
  2. Religion, especially Zen, affected Japanese arts such as rock gardens, flower arrangements, and the tea ceremony; whereas the Chinese preferred nature unspoiled, the Japanese liked order.
  3. Other arts such as ceramics, pottery, poetry, and Noh drama (stylized gesturs and masks) flourished during this period in Japan.
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10
Q

New Japanese Religious Secs

A

Several new Buddhist sects emerged.
a) Pure Land emphasized prayer and faith, equality of believers, and rejected reincarnation, instead
insisting that all believers achieved nirvana upon death.
b) Nichiren promoted missionary activity and was concerned with the afterlife. Angry and outspoken and saw rival views as heresy.
c) Zen was a sect focusing on meditation, discipline, and self-control with the expectation of
enlightenment coming in a flash of understanding. Bring people in touch with Nonverbal and nonrational side

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11
Q

Ashikaga Shogunate (Muromachi Period)

A
  1. The Kyoto-based Ashikaga Shogunate (1338-1568) ended the Kamakura era by intrigue and civil wars.
  2. The power of the Ashikaga never went far beyond the capital; instead, power became increasingly decentralized, held by local territorial landowners called daimya (great name) who localized power in Japan.
  3. Agriculture became more productive with, an active merchant class developed new interest in foreign trade, especially with China and Southeast Asia.
  4. Rigid political and social systems strained to accommodate these new energies. Civil war and Europeans would alter the political system.

**Also known as Muromachi Period, another golden age of shogunate, ended with chaos and endemic civil war.

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12
Q

Sudan and Islam

A

For hundreds of years camel caravan trade across the Sahara brought wealth and, by the 800s, Islam to the Sudanic Kingdoms.

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13
Q

Ghana

A

The First Sudanic Kingdom

  • *Sudan “Land of the blacks”-embraced Islam because it was pinnacle of learning/military and religion. Allowed us to learn about Africa
    1. Although most Sudanic peoples embraced Islam, their practice of it was often superficial, and they maintained an atmosphere of mutual tolerance between Muslims and animists.
    2. Women had great power and could even rule as queens.
    3. Trading its gold for salt made it wealthy.
  • *Earliest society 9-10th century, ended because of invasion. One of most powerful kingdoms along with Mali.
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14
Q

Mali

A

West Africa
The Mali trading city of Timbuktu emerged as the major southern terminus of the Sahara caravan trade in the thirteenth century. Military and learning center of west africa.
**Sikorie University for Islam and Great Mosque of Timbuktu
5.Mali’s trade connections brought visitors such as Ibn Battuta, who commented on security of the country but untraditional Muslim ways.
6.Mali declined in the 1400s by internal factions and external raids; a small remnant continued into the 1600s as a small state.

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15
Q

Sundiata

A

The Keita leader, became the mansa (king) of Mali, creating an empire 1,500 miles wide. Mansa considered a secular and religious leader.1st mansa, defeated the supposedly magician rival king Sumanguru. Subject of an oral epic poem sung by griots. It was a picture for a perfect ruler, not fact because he said he was in Muhammad’s army. Defeated Kumbi, and created great merchant empire.

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16
Q

Mansa Musa

A

Sundiata’s descendant, Mansa Musa (r. 1312-1337) went to Mecca in 1324 with a huge entourage (60000 people with 12000 servants) including a hundred camels loaded with 300 lbs of gold each, a fortune that he gave away, devaluing the Egyptian currency for a decade! Became Mansa because other king disappeared on exploration trip. His was the high point of the Mali kingdom.

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17
Q

Songhai Empire

A

Songhai succeeded from Mali in 1340 and grew into a major empire by 1464. Filled the void left by Mali. Practiced Islam mixed with native beliefs.

** Sonni Ali not sufficient Muslim to be king because more flamboyant in drinking/women. Ruled from 1464-1492. Made Songhai national power.

**Sonni Ali Overthrown By Muhammad Askia- warrior and statesman, expanded Songhai and made a reform with stricter Islamic laws, which eventually led to fighting and downfall
flourished.

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18
Q

Indian Ocean Trade

A

The monsoon wind pattern made it relatively easy to sail up and down the coast part of the time each year, made the Indian Ocean a major source of trade for East Africa, China/India/Middle East.

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19
Q

Kilwa (Swahili)

A

The golden age of the East African coast (Swahili) began in the ninth century and reached its peak in the twelfth to fifteenth centuries.
2.When Ibn Battuta visited Kilwa he noted its three-story stone houses with indoor plumbing, large quantities of gold, Chinese silk and porcelain, and South-Asian-influenced food.

At the Rufiji River. Muslim and Bantu trading site. Largest and most important trading site. Gold was its key to sucess. Located in monsoon pattern so a ship had to stay 18 months, but if it stopped at Kilwa it could return home quicker. Had the middle man status between South Africa and China/India. Adopted Islam and many there are still Muslim. Increased literacy, began to write Swahili in Arabic. High in scholarly and goods from China and India. Portuguese arrived and forced them to recognize their king and sacked the city, captured the inland cities that were Kilwa’s gold supplies.

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20
Q

Swahili

A
  • Blending of Bantu, Arab and Islam (new African people).
  • Swahili (people of the coast): language mixed Bantu and Arabic, using Arabic script to write; Golden Age from 9-15th centuries, no great empires but awesome trading city states!
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21
Q

Zimbabwe

A
  1. Power came from trade; mining gold, copper, and iron was the key to Zimbabwe’s prosperity; by the early 1500s it was mining a thousand pounds of gold annually in exchange for Indian textiles and Chinese ceramics.
    * *2.The capital had several large stone enclosures, including the Great Zimbabwe complex with walls 1,800 feet long, 32 feet high, and 17 feet thick. **Region of city states!
    * *3. In the 1400s Zimbabwe broke and the capital was abandoned by 1450. Europeans caused this.
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22
Q

Kongo

A
  • *1. The kingdom of the Kongo was established by the Bakongo people, population 2.5 million, at a commercial hub near the Atlantic Ocean.
  • *3.The king in theory was divine, but risked revolt if he waged war, and his power was limited by the great distances to royal outposts. Powerful and flourishing kingdom in 1400s
    7. In the 1480s the Portuguese began a long relationship with the Kongo kingdom, whose king Nzinga a Nkuwu converted to Christianity in 1491, and his successor began exporting slaves to the Americas in 1514.
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23
Q

General Facts not in Lecture

A
  1. Various societies practiced matrilineal kinship, and the queen sister or queen mother was highly respected, controlling treasuries and presiding over courts; the founder of Mombasa was a woman, Mwana Mkisi.
  2. Africans recognized a supernatural world of sorcery, magic, spirits, ancestors, and multiple gods, all mediated by spiritual specialists and healers, or shamans.
  3. African spirituality often included belief in a life force and an unapproachable high god.
  4. Writing spread slowly because Africans had communal ownership so they did not need written laws and because paper deteriorates quickly in the tropical African climate.
  5. Paleolithic Africans were the first people anywhere to do paintings on rocks and cave walls.
  6. When farming developed, Africans turned to sculpture as their major visual art form.
  7. The greatest African cultural traditions were dance and music, particularly percussion and drums.
  8. Tropical diseases and insects killed large draft animals, so Africans were forced to rely on human muscle for production and transportation.
  9. Faced with poor soils, irregular rainfall, and no manure, shifting cultivation was an effective agricultural adaptation as long as population densities remained small.
  10. Women predominantly ran markets while traveling merchants were usually men.
  11. Local trade was more essential than international trade.
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24
Q

Griots

A

Professional rememberers, griots, served as local historians, recordkeepers, and walking libraries.

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25
Q

Hausa City States (Not in Lecture)

A

Fiercely competitive with kings that came to dominate some of the trans-Saharan trade into 18th century. .

  1. Further east, a dynamic area of the Sudan developed between 1000 and 1200 among the Hausa city-states.
  2. Hausa cities such as Kano were manufacturing centers for cotton and leather.
  3. The Hausa language mixed Arab, Berber, and West African influences to form a popular language for trading and one of the most common African languages.
  4. The Hausa had a strong class system and their women enjoyed a high status compared with those in other African societies; a queen, Amina ruled the Hausa state of Zaria in the fifteenth century.
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26
Q

Kingdoms of the Guinea Coast (Not in Lecture)

A
  1. By about 1000, the Yoruba developed several city-states ruled by a ruler, although there was no united kingdom.
  2. One Yoruba Kingdom, Oyo, rose after 1275 to be the most powerful in the area.
  3. Yoruba society focused on cities and trade, and featured bronze casting of their leaders, wealthy women traders, and a low crime rate.
  4. The Guinea kingdom of Benin emerged around 1220, acquiring an empire in the mid-1400s under King Ewuare, a warrior who was soon followed by more spiritual leaders.
  5. Benin City was surrounded by high walls twenty-five miles in circumference, protecting an elaborate royal palace and neat houses.
  6. Benin had an elaborate welfare system to protect the poor from starvation.
  7. Benin began to decline in 1550, but lasted until 1897.
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27
Q

Americas Beginning

A
  • *Not much is written about the Americas since the Europeans destroyed it for being pagan.
    1. Americans creatively adapted to their environments, dominating large regions with their productive farming and irrigation, creating a well balanced, healthy diet.
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28
Q

Mayans

A

1st in Americas

  1. The Maya enjoyed a peak between 600 and 800 when their population density was a staggering 600 people per square mile, equal to China today.
  2. The Maya had a well-developed writing system expressed in bark paper codices, mostly burned after 1492.
  3. Reasons for Mayan collapse could include climate change leading to a long drought, overpopulation, soil degradation, deforestation, military defeats, and governmental instability.
  4. The collapse occurred first in the southern Yucatan; northern cities continued to thrive, such as Xumal until around 1000, Chichen Itza from 800 to 1250, and the state of Mayapan from 1250 to 1441.
  5. By the 1500s, the Yucatan Maya fragmented into small states in chronic conflict.
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29
Q

Toltecs

A
  • *Reed people. Empire in central Mexico during 10-12 centuries. Declined gradually but lived on in Aztecs.
    1. King Mixcoatl (Cloud Serpent) led the Toltecs into the central valley of Mexico, creating an empire from 900 to 1168.
    2. The roots of the Toltecs lay in the city of Teotihuacan near todays Mexico City.
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30
Q

Aztecs

A

The Mexica, militaristic immigrants from the north, founded the Aztec empire, thrived by a lake near Mexico City. Led to Toltec decline and emerged after 200 year period of unrest.

  • *borrowed Olmec, Maya, & Toltec ideas.
  • *Tenochtitlan was the capital
  • *The Aztec religion supported their war-making; their sun god Tlaloc, a warrior, needed the blood of sacrificial victims.
  • *The hierarchical Aztec society was ruled by the military elitists. Also patriarchal. Because they were the mightiest people in empire, demanded tribute from conquered people, great warriors.
  • *had 2 calendars that operated in conjunction & reset every 52 years. One was religious and other a solar cycle that told them which god to worship
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31
Q

Huitzilopochtli

A

(The Hummingbird Wizard) demanded to be fed with fresh human hearts, son of earth gods. 400 stars were bros and sisters. Smited them with his turtle sake. He was believed to lead them on their migration southward, told them to stop by an eagle eating a snake, which is on the mexican flag.

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32
Q

Chinampas

A

The Aztecs grew food on chinampas (artificial islands) and by means of elaborate irrigation works. Worked great!

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33
Q

Moctezua II and Spanish invasion

A

Was the last king before Europeans took over.
The cruelty of the Aztecs created an unstable imperial system with frequent rebellions; the many enemies of the Aztecs were eager to help Cortés and the Spanish when they landed in 1519.Spanish also had guns, armor, horses,and disease. Destroyed the Aztec written language.

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34
Q

Quetzalcoatal

A

Rain god who was told would return, thought to be Cortes of Spain. Leading to Aztecs falling to him. The cult of the feathered serpent, a bearded, fair-skinned human leader banned to sea by the war-gods and fated to return to seek revenge..

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35
Q

Incas (South America)

A

Ranged from Ecuador to Chile 2700 miles (200000 people).

  • *Great builders and architects that held buildings together with no cement.
    • ruled from Cuzco, a capital with a population of 60,000 to 100,000.
  • The Inca social system was hierarchical and rigid, with divine, interbred royalty.
    • The Inca state ran the economy instead of the way Aztecs let their merchants run the economy. Good leadership.
  • Inca society was patriarchal,there were several female deities, including an Earth Mother.
  • mountaintop settlement of Machu Picchu was an elite retreat site.
  • The Incas built a road system with relay runners who could move a message 150 miles a day
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36
Q

Atahullapa and Pizzaro

A

Rivalry for the throne between Atahullapa and his brother split Inca in civil war, however Pizzaro from Spain took power from him at a dinner party. Burned him at the stake at first but later cut his throat for converting to Christianity.

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37
Q

Quipus

A

Incas sophisticated recordkeeping system using colored knotted strings.

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38
Q

Pachacuti and Topa

A

Pachacuti led the empire to being great, “Philip II of Inca”” because his son Topa also expanded the empire further. Reforms renovated the capital and massive fortresses. Also deepened rivers and valleys, and terraced mountains.

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39
Q

America Facts not in Lecture

A
  • Matrilineal patterns were common in North America, while patriarchal societies were common in Mesoamerica and South America.
    2. Armies fought hand to hand with the goal of capturing rather than killing opponents.
    3. The American population, probably around 60 to 75 million, was healthy but lacked resistance to diseases carried from the Eastern hemisphere after Columbian contact.
    4. Greenland-based Vikings led by Leif Ericson made a settlement in Newfoundland and Labrador around 1000, but abandoned it and did not publicize their discoveries in Europe.
    5. In 1492 the Italian Christopher Columbus, in search of Asia, reached the Bahamas, opening a new world to European conquest and disease
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40
Q

Chimu (NIL)

A
  • The Chimu Empire emerged as a huge empire with its center at adobe-walled Chan Chan, a center of copper manufacturing.
    6. The Chimu were great builders, creating twenty-five-foot-wide main roads and excelling at irrigation, including terraces, large storage reservoirs, and linking five separate river valleys into a single complex.
    7. El Niño climate changes, overpopulation, and soil salinization caused the Chimu to decline by the fourteenth century.
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41
Q

Pueblo (NIL)

A

D. Pueblo Societies

  1. Pueblo Indians in the North American Southwest survived through long-distance trade and by becoming experts at selecting the right soils to cultivate with irrigation to grow maize.
  2. The Hohokum and Mogollon societies dominated the Southwest from 700 to the 1300s, when climate change caused them to abandon their settlements.
  3. The Hohokum etched intricate designs on shells and built large buildings such as the three-story-high Casa Grande.
  4. The Mogollon developed masonry technology for house building.
  5. The Anasazi (ancient ones in Navaho) flourished between 700 and 1400, building ingenious housing into steep cliff walls in major centers at Mesa Verde and Chaco Canyon.
  6. Anasazi lived in egalitarian communities practicing matrilineal kinship and matrilocal residence, with women owning houses, crops, and fields, while men predominated on the council of elders.
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42
Q

The Mississippian Culture and Cahokia

A

E. The Mississippian Culture and Cahokia
1. The Mississippian culture flourished between 700 and 1700, displaying cities, monumental architecture, social hierarchy, ethnic diversity, religious art, and long-distance trading activity.
2. The main Mississippian culture center was Cahokia at the junction of the Missouri and Mississippi rivers, near modern St. Louis.
3. Mesoamerican influences are indicated by large pyramid complexes.
Cahokia society was matrilineal and divided into classes, although élites were required to marry commoners.

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43
Q

The Eastern Woodlands Societies

A
  1. Eastern woodland communities resembled African stateless societies, practicing consensus politics and electing chiefs without much authority.
  2. Women in woodland society enjoyed a high status because they did most of the farm work; this egalitarianism was also reflected in matrilineal kinship and residence patterns, romantic courtship rather than arranged marriages, veto power over chiefs by women, and nomination of chief candidates by a senior clan mother.
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44
Q

Sui Dynasty

A

reunified China after 400 years, re established Confucian, Buddhism and Great Canal. Set stage for Tang Dynasty. Fell because of Legalism.

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45
Q

Tang Dynasty

A

Golden Age, equal land distribution, mints of copper coins, state exams and greater exposure to
outside world through trade contacts. Great age for art and culture.

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46
Q

Li Yuan (Gaozou)

A

Tang emperor. Kept government small and simple. Won a civil war against Sui, created Equal Field System where he redistributed the land to peasants based on need. Did not want large estates for lords. Decentralizing government. Continued Han practices. Changed laws every 20 years to keep them current.

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47
Q

Li Shimin (Tang Taizong)

A

Tang emperor. Ideal emperor. Ruthless rise, forced father down and killed brothers. Revitalized Confucian schools for mandarins. Fought wars in central asia. Powerful, decisive, and talented administration.

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48
Q

Gaozong

A

Li Shimin’s son who was weak in character and a bad leader

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49
Q

Wu Zhao (Wu Hou)

A

Concubine of Gaozong but manipulated him and his dad. Aggressively undermined aristocracy by giving more power to the mandarins. Put children on throne and then exiled them when they disobeyed. Worst aboritions in Chinese history, why women should not have power.

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50
Q

Li Longji (Xuan zong)

A

Grandson of Wu Hou. Came out of a time of trouble after her. Bureaucrats were now a problem, worked to take power form them. Renovated the Grand Canal. Ordered census be taken and renovated the tax system, coinage, roads, and army. Had problems: aristocrats, concubines and generals became to powerful.

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51
Q

Chang’an

A

Largest city in the world. 2 million people, organized grid system, cosmopolitan. Had various religions.

  • Had a civil service with a difficult entrance exam that many failed. Had National universities and 15000 mandarins that came from diverse backgrounds. 15% was not born a mandarin.
  • 80% of population were farmers (prosperous)
  • Religion was Confucianism but Buddhism became great. Came from India on silk road.
  • Monasteries sprang up, one emperor seized 4600.
  • Science: Sun spots, earth rotates sun, arch bridge, gunpowder, woodcut printing (had to hand print everything before this)
  • Golden Age of Chinese Literature
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52
Q

Li Bai

A

Low rank mandarin family. Drunk. 7th century rock star attitude. Called the Fallen Immortal because his work was so divine or he was falling down drunk. Was a semi official political poet, but later exiled. Drowned to death looking at moon. Wrote about drunken pleasure and life’s joys.

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53
Q

Du Fu

A

Somber life. Mandarin family. Failed exams, poetry brought to court of emperor, but seen as rebellion and left him poor. Wrote on death, war, and starving children. Great anti-war poet.

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54
Q

Tang decline

A

Empire too expensive to defend. High taxes led to poverty and then rebellion

  • new strains of rice in the south increased population growth and trade there (2 harvests a year).
  • Abbasids in Baghdad: Islam incursions in Central Asia reversed westward expansion.
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55
Q

Song Dynasty

A

Sophisticated urban life, 120 Million people. (1/3 population of the world)

  • 5 cities with a million people, 50 with 100000 people
  • centered around entertainment
  • monetized economy and connected the great wall
  • made movable type (different pieces to make words)
  • paper money, still used coins because people were suspicious
  • silk exportation picked up and book exports
  • porcelain sought after and most innovative ship builders
  • improved gun powder and 1st guns
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56
Q

Zhu Xi

A

was the great thinker. Neo-Confucianism Mix of religions: Daioism, Buddhism, and Confucianism. Rational, humane approach. Scholars still follow his ideas. However, he was indifferent to natural science. China had no innovation after Song.

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57
Q

Chinese Development

A

500 years ahead of Europe in 13th century. B/c of complacence, did not industrialize. Had no hurry to launch into the new. Did not want territory, gov’t was strong, monopolies were rampant and did not encourage a merchant class like Europe.

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58
Q

Mongols

A

Rose from Mongolia and took over Eurasia, was more than most could recover from (middle east and Asia).

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59
Q

Genghis Khan

A
  1. Under him the Mongols unified, before they had fought against each other but now they turned to conquering the world. Federation of Mongols invaded China, conquered Beijing. Then turned to Central Asia and Iran, defeated but only Iran not the rest of Middle East . He returned to China and continued conquering til death, family stayed.
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60
Q

Names of Mongol Rule

A
  • Yuan Dynasty: China
  • Chagatai Khanate: Xinjiang (W.China) & Central Asia
  • Golden Horde:Central Asia & Caucasus & Russia
  • Ilkhanate/Ilkhanids:Persia,Middle East & Caucasus
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61
Q

Kublai Khan

A

Conquered rest of China after Genghis. Made Beijing the capital. Classical historiography does not acknowledge the Yuan dynasty. Did not fully assimilate to Chinese ways.
Problem: He could never rule without some respect for Chinese culture, but Mongols looked down on settled peoples (saw as slaves), they were tented/horse people. Had to adopt some Chinese
-Made premier of China after defeating brothers
-the Song limped along, even after Kublai defeated
-Invaded Vietnam, Burma, and tried Japan

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62
Q

Nationality policy

A

Under Kublai and Yuan Dynasty, divided China into 4 groups:

  1. Mongols: aristocrats, no tax
  2. Foreign auxiliaries (did not trust Chinese so hired bureaucrats from other countries) no tax
  3. Northern Chinese. Tax
  4. Southern Chinese. Tax
    * *Chinese became poor b/c of high tax.
    - Yuan eventually collapsed, Chinese outnumbered and vigor fell. B/c assimilated then defeated.
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63
Q

Marco Polo

A

Venetian Italian merchant, wealthy from the 4th crusade, expanded on silk road. Came to China to work, went back to Italy where he was arrested. Told stories of his tales in his jail cell, wrote “Travels of Marco Polo”. Europe’s source of Middle East. Benefited from Nationality Policy.

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64
Q

Ming Dynasty

A

(1368-1644) Peasant rebellion from Mongols. -Toppled Yuan Dynasty.

  • Population doubled from 80-160 million.
  • Theatre, opera, fiction flourished
  • 11000 vol. encyclopedia.
  • Perfected the civil service with restoration of exams and heavy punishment (bamboo beatings of mandarins)
  • heavily centralized rule under powerful emperors, civil servants, enuchs and spies.
  • Incessant war with Juchen
  • rebuilt Great Canal
  • Zheng He and Chinease Navy (30000 men in 1 voyage), exploration trips to India, Middle East, and Africa. No remains of ships ever found
  • Became isolationists. No longer explored for some reason not known. Ships rotted.
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65
Q

Mongol Invasian in Middle East (NIL)

A
  • Mongol atrocities were legendary; in the Persian city of Merv they killed 700,000 unarmed residents and their pets to cause fear, successfully undermining opposition.
  • In 1258 the Mongols pillaged Baghdad, burning schools, libraries, mosques, and palaces, and killing about a million Muslims, including the Abbasid caliph, ending the dynasty.
  • To create more pastureland for their steppe ponies, Mongols disrupted western Asian agriculture, causing so much damage that some places have never recovered.
  • The Mongols were defeated by the Mamluks when they tried to invade Egypt in 1260.
  • The long-distance trade networks protected by the Mongols also transmitted the bubonic plague, known in the West as the Black Death, which killed vast numbers of people throughout Eurasia, for example, about two-thirds of the population of Egypt and Syria.
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66
Q

The Rise of Muslim Military States (NIL)

A
  • The Mamluks ruled Egypt and Syria from 1250 to 1517, drove the crusaders out in 1293, and made Egypt the richest Middle Eastern state until 1517, when the Ottoman Empire defeated the Mamluks and absorbed their lands.
  • In Central Asia, the Timurid state under the Muslim Turkish-Mongol Tamerlane (1336?1405) conquered much of the area along Silk Road, and was poised to attack China and Ottoman Turkey when Tamerlane died.
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67
Q

Ottoman Empire (NIL)

A
  • The Ottoman Turks with their chief Osman (Ottoman means followers of Osman) came under the influence of the Sufis and took over Anatolia by about 1300, from where they launched further attacks into the Balkans, incorporating Serbia in 1459.
    2. In 1453 Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror (1432?1481) took Constantinople, renaming it Istanbul and rebuilt it extensively, turning it into a multiethnic and multireligious major trading hub.
    3. Using the millet (nationality) system, Ottoman rulers allowed ethnic and religious minorities a measure of self-rule, which also made dividing and ruling easier.
    4. The defeat in 1699 against the Hungarians marked the end of Ottoman expansion into western Eurasia, although the Ottoman Empire did not finally collapse until 1923.
    5. Selim the Great took over the Mamluks in Egypt
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68
Q

Islamic Contributions to World History (NIL)

A

Arabs passed to Europe advanced science, mathematics, and technology, helping to spark the scientific revolution and questioning of the Christian Church that led to the Reformation.

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69
Q

Islam

A
  • Where: Spain, Indonesia (largest), North Africa, Middle East, Europe and Russia.
  • Means: Submission (to the will of Allah)
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70
Q

Allah

A

comes from Arabic illiah (god), referring to non-abrahamic pagan deity. But Allah, means the God, which Jews Christians and Muslims worship

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71
Q

5 pillars of faith

A
  1. Profession of Faith in Allah and Muhammad
  2. Daily prayers (5xs a day, set by sun towards Mecca, usually pray in group)
  3. Fast during Ramadan (different times a year), no food or drink from sun up-sun down for 28 days.
  4. Alms for the poor
  5. Pilgrimage to Mecca-birth place of Muhammad
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72
Q

Jihad

A

Some say is a pillar but they are a minority. Means to exert effort, struggle. Encourage Muslims to fight against enemies or sin.

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73
Q

Muhammad

A

Prophet who founded Islam. Not a deity.

  • 1st revelations in 610, God gave Koran
  • 610-622 spread Islam to Mecca
  • 622: Hirja (migration from Mecca to Medina)
  • 623-630 battles against Meccan Quarysh
  • 630 entry to Mecca
  • 632 death, united Arabia in Islam
74
Q

Jesus in Islam

A

According to Islam, Jesus was a prophet. Mary is the only woman mentioned in Koran. Both Him and Muhammad are mortals, Christians corrupted his message. Muhammad is Paraclete mentioned in old testament. Think Jesus was not crucified but ascended into heaven.

75
Q

Koran

A

Word of God as revealed to Muhammad. Mentions the Torah and Gospels. Not Muhammad’s sayings.

76
Q

Hadith

A

The Sunna (words/deeds) of the Prophet.

  • 6 canonical collections for the Sunni
  • Shi’ites have own collections
77
Q

Major divisions in Islam

A
  1. Sunni 90%
  2. Shi’ite 10% (Iran is 95%)
  3. Kharijite (historically important, radical, jihad)
  4. Sufi (mysticism, personal relationship with Allah)
78
Q

Shi’ism

A

-Looks to progeny of Ali for leadership.
(Muhammad had no children, no one knew who should lead. Ali is the cousin/son in law of Muhammad. Community was split and fought a civil war. Sunni do not agree that Ali should lead, they killed Ali’s son in the battle)

  1. 1st phase of development 7th-­‐10th century-
    - 3 major sub groups: Imami, Ismaili (most important), and Zaydi
    - Only 10% of Muslims are Shi’ite but constitute majority of Iran, S Iraq, Yemen and Lebanon.
    - All Muslims, Sunni and Shi’ite have respect for the family of Muhammad. Today referred to as sayyid’s and sharif’s
79
Q

The Battle of Karbala

A

Muharram 10, in the year 61(October 10, 680).

  • In Karbala, present day Iraq.
  • The battle was between Muhammad’s grandson Hussein Ali, and a much larger military detachment from the forces of Yazid I, the Umayyad caliph, whom Hussein had refused to recognise.
  • Hussein and all his supporters were killed, including Hussein’s six-month-old infant son, Ali al-Asghar ibn Husayn, and the women and children taken as prisoners.
  • The dead are regarded as martyrs by Muslims, and the battle has a central place in Shia history.
80
Q

Ali (Abi Tabib)

A

Cousin and son in law of Muhammad.

  • Ghadīr Khum
  • Always had supporters: Shi’ites
  • 656: proclaimed caliph (king) in Medina
  • 656-­‐61: First Fitna (civil war)
  • 656:Battle of the Camel
  • 657: Battle of Siffin
  • 661: assasinated at Kufa by Kharijite
81
Q

12 Imams (Successors of the Prophet)

A
  • Ali was 1st
  • 2nd was Al Hasan (son of Ali)
  • 3rd was Al Husayn (son of Ali)
  • 6th was Ja’far al-Sadiq. Made greatest contribution to Shi’ite fiqh (jurisprudence)
  • 12th was al-­‐Mahdi al-­‐Muntazar. Disappeared in 874 and went into ghayba (occultation).
82
Q

Muslims and Jews

A

Jews are in Quaran (people of the book). Islam recognizes Old Testament prophets. Allah=Elohim. Until now Jews were safe in Muslim countries

83
Q

Muslims and Christians

A

People of the book. Closest religion to Islam, Muslims must allow Christians to follow religion in peace. Do have conflicts however.

84
Q

Sharia Law

A

Islamic law. Similar to Judaism. Covers:

  1. Penal law
  2. Commercial law
  3. Family law
  4. Inheritance
  5. Morals and manners
  6. Belief
85
Q

Sources of Sharia Law

A
  1. Koran
  2. Hadith
  3. Ijma: consensus of jurists
  4. qiyas: anology of other sources
  5. ra’ay: educated reasoning; opinion
    * *not enforced as law except in Saudi Arabia
86
Q

Fiqh

A

Jurisprudence; how one discovers and defines Shariah law.

87
Q

Fatwa

A

Not law one must follow. But a legal opinion by a jurist. Not binding and people may choose not to follow. People today are not qualified (Bin Laden) and try to issue Fatwa.

88
Q

Conquests or Openings in Islam

A

Opening the land to the light of Islam.

  • 7th century left Arabia and took over middle east, south Africa, Spain and Asia. Did not force conversion, started governing and taxation. Lower than Byzantine taxes but levied a special tax on Christians and Jews. Had to pay for military since they could not serve.
  • Arab is not equivalent to Muslim. Arabs are not all Muslim, and there are Muslims from everywhere.
89
Q

Umayyad Caliphate

A

1st true kingship. Piety no longer ruled. Divisions of Islam happened.

  1. Marwan and his allies defeated tribes of Marj Rahit
  2. Marwan was suffocated by his wife.
90
Q

AL Malik

A

Consolidated power in Syria,

  • Kept bureaucrats and made them learn Arabic, made it the language of North Africa and Middle East this way.
  • Fought and won Iraq.
  • Built the dome of the rock
  • Ended 2nd Fitna and brought prosperity
  • Held empire together
  • Created coinage
91
Q

Al Hajjaj

A

Took Mecca, he was the right hand man, adviser, and general to Al Malik.

  • Transferred to Iraq viceroy
  • -War against Kharijites
  • rebellion of Ibn al-‐Ash’ath, al Hajjaj victorious
  • Built Wasit, Syrian troops permanently stationed in Iraq
92
Q

Dome of the Rock

A

In Jerusalem, built on the site of the Temple of David. Romans kicked Jews out not the Muslims, middle eastern Christian lived there but Byzantine’s used it as a dump. To make a statement about Islam being permanent and good at architecture. Put Koran scriptures rejecting the trinity, oldest written evidence of Koran to date. Before, people memorized the Koran, and transmitted orally. 650 people began to write. it, completed and unchanged in 692 (60 years after Muhammad). All Muslims pray in Arabic.

93
Q

Rashidun Caliphate

A

Golden Age of Islam

94
Q

Abbasid Caliphate

A

Aladdin (Arabian Nights).

  • 750-945 Golden Age, Koran, Technology. -945-1258-Caliphs had to recognize autonomy of the country, they became more like figureheads, their power went beyond Baghdad and environments sometimes.
  • In the Abbasid Caliphate in Cairo, little more than figurehead.
95
Q

Breakup of the Caliphate

A

1258-Mongul Invasion. 1st to break is Spain.

  • al-Andalus:Umayyads
  • North Africa: Aghlabids, Idrisids, Rustamids ,Banu, Midrar, Fatimids
  • Egypt: Tulunids, Ikhshidids
  • Syria:Tulunids, Hamdanids
  • The East: Tahirids, Saffarids, Samanids

Reasons: too large, powerful generals/governors, religious and political dissent, ethnic divisions, weak caliphs, palace intrigue, Persian Viziers and Turkish Soldiers

96
Q

Harunal Rashid

A

Abbasid caliph. Most well known, his biography is hopelessly lost, 1001 nights image vs. historical accounts. Patron of arts and religious study.

  • 802: seeds of discontent and split caliphate b/w sons Al Amin and Al- Mamun (fought civil war)
  • His friend was Ja’far who was his friend in stories and real life until he impregnated Harunal’s sister and then executed.
97
Q

Crusades

A

European invasion of middle east, “armed pilgrimage”. Believed they were on a mission from God, wanted to liberate Jerusalem from Muslims. Held Jerusalem for 90 years. Maintained presence for 200 years.

  • 4 independent kingdoms until 1291
  • Target after 1189 was Egypt. If able to capture then could starve out the Muslims. Actually undermined Christianity in the Middle East. Transformed the balance to predominantly Muslim, b/c it heightened suspicion of Christianity.
98
Q

Ayyubid Dynasty

A

Saladid led. Put Crusaders on the defensive. Revived the Muslim world. Saladid is famous in West, he helped Egypt.

99
Q

Assasins

A

Invented in Cruscades. Heratics who lived in castles in the Alamut mountains. Couldnt win a battle against an army but could kill the leadership on a suicide mission. Believed to be high on weed.

  • bastardization of “the foundation”
  • Asymmetric warfare
  • killers called fidā’iyyīn=one who sacrifices himself
  • Leader of community is still alive. Goes all the way back to Crusades. Still a mystery.
100
Q

Monguls against Abbasid

A

Abbasid’s came to an end at the hands of the Monguols who also invaded China, Russia, Middle East and tried Europe. Mamluk Sultanate.

  • Not worried about war crime, just wanted to win.
  • good at horse cavalry, and terrorism.
  • leveled surrounding cities for strategic locations, like Baghdad
  • Abbasids did not surrender or pay their army
  • Mongols had a shaman religion, so did not kill the caliph in an unclean way, wrapped him in carpet and had horses trample him
  • End of Islamic Golden Age b/c Baghdad was destroyed . Snuffed out light of education
101
Q

Sultan, Sultanate

A

Muslim King, realm of the Sultan

102
Q

Khan, Khanate

A

title used in Central Asia, means leader. Could be a local lord or an emperor. Realm of the Khan

103
Q

Islam vs. Hindu

A

Islam is monotheist,, Hindu is polytheistic. Islam is Abrahamic tradition, and began in Arabia. Hindu is part of Vedic religious tradition and began in India. .

104
Q

Buddhism vs. Hinduism

A

Buddhism is from India too and influences Hinduism. Neither are monothiestic but Hindu has many gods and a caste system. Buddhism has Bodhisattva, no caste and faded in India.

105
Q

Harsha

A

Buddhist, warrior, philosopher, poet King of Northern India. He united Northern India, had good relations with Tang emperors of China. His Empire didnt last, power went to many rajputs (princes).He is the last significant Buddhist ruler, after were all Muslim and Hindu.

106
Q

Muhammad Ghazni

A

Son of Turkish soldier, took control of Afghanistan and Pakistan, b/c Sultan. Wanted to invade India every year, and did 17 times, but never conquered all o, f India. Was not peaceful conversion to Islam, he sacked temples of Buddha and Hindu. Known to Muslims “The Deffender of the Faith” because he fought Shi’ites in Iran. Some thought he did it for the money. He did weaken Buddhism but made Hindus stronger.

107
Q

Sutinate of Dehli

A

Inheritor of Ghazni, Northern India. Most powerful rulers. Not ruled by 1 family, different lines.
The Delhi Sultanate (1192-1526) brought political unity to north India under both enlightened and tyrannical leaders under whom Muslim and Hindu cultures mixed.

108
Q

Iltutmish

A

Sultan of Dehli, founded capital at Dehli, not born a royal, was a slave and married into royal family. Did not force Hindus to Islam or under Sharia law. made the Delhi Sultanate the most powerful state in north India,

  • Defended India against the Mongols. Managed to keep them out.
  • Had sons but not fit to rule, gave throne to his daughter Razeyya (the 1st female sultan of Islam)
109
Q

Alanddin Khalji

A

Controlled wages and price to help people meet rising costs

  • murdered uncle
  • waged non stop war, expanded far to the south. Golden age of expansion.
  • terrible to Hindus, a warrior who used religion to terrorize
110
Q

Muhammad Tughluq

A

great ideas but plans always failed.

  1. Was a radical Muslim so leaders of faith who were orthodox would not help him
  2. Wanted to build a Muslim city in South India to convert them, but no one wanted to move
  3. Attempted agriculture reform by buying up the land (socialism). Used crop rotation and irrigation, but a drought set in and famine.
    * people rebelled 20 out of the 25 years he ruled. But he stayed, his successors however fell to Tamerlane.
111
Q

Tamerlane and Timurid Dynasty

A

Able to conquer Russia and Middle East unlike Hitler and Napoleon. Family was Mongol and Turkish. Fought with the Golden Horde Mongols in Russia for a time. Then went to Central Asia, Iran and eventually conquered the Golden Horde.Conquered Dehli in one year and Egyptian Mamluks, Baghdad and Ottomans in Anatolia. Did not make it to Cairo. He did not kill the kings in conquered lands instead left them to fight for power with their allies.

  • Master of Russia, ME, North India, Central Asia
  • Brought down Ghangis Khan, Ottomans and Dehli
  • Pre modern terrorist
  • Relatively short lived empire, the old kings resumed their thrones
  • Tried for China but failed
112
Q

Shankara

A

stressed Brahman (universal soul with underlying reality) and Vedanta (completion of Vedas with mystical experience with underlying reality) By 9th century Hinduism was very ritualistic, but Shankara didnt think that brought you closer to Brahman. Stressed meditation, which appealed to upper class and aesthetics. 1st to found Hinduism monasteries.

113
Q

Ramanuja

A

Didn’t like Shankara’s nosticism (knowledge denied to some people). Not everyone could meditate for long hours and monks/priest felt superior to other people which he did not like. Rejected elitist and meditation, emphasized BHAKITI- relation with love to personal god, anyone can have this. Had chanting, hymns, festivals, and sacrifices.

114
Q

Chola Kingdom

A

South Indian Hindu kingdom. Original people of Harrapan society. Most powerful in South India

115
Q

Rajendra Chola Deva I

A

Chola ruler. Conquered Strolanka and marched North & East. Kingdom was to decentralized and lost empire. However, spread Hindu abroad to SE Asia.

116
Q

Vijayangas Kingdom

A

Series of dynasties, divided kingdom and let Brahmans rule. Created tax system.

  • Brothers Harihara and Bakka founded. Born Hindu but forced to be Muslim, however returned to Hinduism. Haraihara died, and Bukka ruled, after 20 years, new Brahmans were coming from sons of Brahmans, but saw a problem of decentralizing so fired the old ones and reinstated new ones they chose.
  • After the decline of the Cholas in the thirteenth century, the Hindu kingdom of Vijayanagara (City of Victory) built one of the most magnificent and largest capital cities in the world.
117
Q

Krishna Deva Raya

A

last king of Vijayangas Kingdom, granted land to anyone who would plant. Also changed Brahmans, allowed other castes to join Brahmans.

  • revitalized military with firearms.
  • conquered neighbors which joined kingdom permanently.
  • After his death trading with Portugal turned sour and North India attacked.
118
Q

Battle of Talikota

A

end of Vijayangas Kingdom. North India attacked with artillery and destroyed.

119
Q

Bhaskara NIL

A

The twelfth-century mathematician Bhaskara proved zero was infinity and designed a perpetual motion machine by filling a wheel rim with quicksilver, which may have influenced clock design in Europe.

120
Q

Decline and Change in Indian Buddhism NIL

A
  1. Buddhism lingered in northeast India and spread to the eastern half of Eurasia, attracting pilgrims from China such as Xuan Zang.
  2. A dialogue between Buddhism and Mahayana Hinduism during the eighth century fostered the Vajrayana (Thunderbolt) school of Buddhism, featuring powerful female figures who attained magical powers.
  3. In Bengal, Tantrism developed, featuring the worship of exalted divine female power and transgressing normal boundaries such as alcohol use and sexual union.
121
Q

State Building and Buddhism in Tibet NIL

A
  1. Songsten-gampo (r. 620-649) united the first pre-Buddhist state, unifying several tribes and maintaining close relations with Tang China.
  2. Buddhism became the dominant Tibetan faith by the eighth century, although many Tibetans continued to follow bon, their ancient folk religion.
  3. Tibetan Buddhism, divided into four sects, is also called Lamaism because of the central role of the lamas (monks) and huge monasteries.
122
Q

Early Islamic Encounters NIL

A
  1. The Hindu Rajputs led the major opposition to the Muslim invaders, but the Hindus were defeated because their outdated military tactics and rigid caste divisions prevented them from mobilizing more soldiers.
123
Q

Hindu Politics and Culture NIL

A
  1. The Cholas (846-1216) profited from piracy and foreign trade, controlling Kerala, Sri Lanka, and the eastern Indian Ocean.
  2. The Tamil people of south India developed an outstanding artistic tradition, including bronzes such as that of Shiva as Lord of the Dance.
124
Q

Muslim Rule and the Reshaping of Indian Life NIL

A
  1. Because the tiny minority of Muslim rulers could not afford to alienate their Hindu subjects, life in the villages went on largely undisturbed.
  2. Over the centuries many Indians peacefully converted to Islam, in part because of Sufi mystics, who closely resembled devotional bhakti Hinduism.
  3. The blind, illiterate Kabir wrote poetry mixing the two faiths.
  4. Mixing created a new language, Urdu, using Persian, Turkish, Arabic, and Indian vocabulary with Hindu grammar and Arabic script.
  5. Hindus adopted Persian words and food, Muslim clothing styles and purdah, or the seclusion of women, while Muslims fit themselves into the caste system.
125
Q

Devaraja NIL

A

Rulers declared themselves devaraja, or god-kings, not just intermediaries like the Chinese emperors. Indianized Kingdoms

126
Q

Indianized Social and Cultural Patterns NIL

A
  1. Immigrants such as the Burmans from Tibet and the Thai from China reshaped Southeast Asia during the seventh to thirteenth centuries.
  2. As in India, most Southeast Asians were farmers or fishermen who lived in small villages with a spirit of cooperation.
  3. In contrast to India or China, Southeast Asian women had a high status.
127
Q

The Angkor Empire NIL

A
  1. The greatest Indianized Southeast Asian state was the kingdom of Angkor (Holy City) (802-1432).
  2. Jayavarman I (r. 802-834) founded Angkor, which had a wide empire, advanced architecture, and unique social system.
  3. The capital city of Angkor Thom had about a million people, and the state supported substantial public services, including extensive a canal network for water distribution, growing the most productive agriculture in world history.
128
Q

Angkor Religion and Society NIL

A
  1. The Angkor government resembled a theocratic state with heavy Hindu influence; 300,000 Hindu priests lived in the empire, and huge temples represented a Hindu conception of the cosmos.
  2. The twelfth-century Angkor Wat was the largest temple complex of the premodern world, with relief sculptures depicting everyday life.
  3. Although there was no caste system, there was a rigid social stratification, with inequitable distribution of wealth and power, and substantial labor demands.
  4. Khmer women played an important and liberated role in the matrilinear society, engaging actively in commerce, exerting influence in court, expressing themselves in the arts, and even fighting as warriors.
129
Q

Indianized Urban Societies in Java and Sumatra NIL

A
  1. The mixing of Hindu and Buddhist ideas can be seen in the temple complex of Borobodur in central Java and the wayang kulit, the shadow puppet play based on Hindu epics.
  2. Madjapahit (1292-1527), especially under Prime Minister Gajah Mada, was the greatest Javanese kingdom of the era, encompassing much of modern-day Indonesia.
  3. Although Hindu-Javanese society was stratified and unequal, villagers lived in democratic communities.
  4. Between 600 and 1290 the major contact zone of small trading states in the Straits of Melaka separating Sumatra from the Malay Peninsula came under the control of Srivijaya, a fierce rival of the Cholas in South India.
130
Q

International Influences and the Decline of the Indianized States NIL

A
  1. The Indianized states of Southeast Asia ended between the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries for internal, international, and religious reasons.
    a) Angkor’s military expansion and temple building overstretched their resources and antagonized the population, who revolted.
    b) The migration of the Tai peoples and the Mongols played a role in the disintegration of Angkor and other Southeast Asian kingdoms.
    c) The tolerant and pacifistic Theravada Buddhism filtered into the region and proved attractive to peasants who could still also follow their animism.
    d) The other universal religion of Sunni Islam had an appealing egalitarian message and a mystical Sufi side that could mix with animism or Hinduism-Buddhism.
  2. A temporary Vietnamese-Cham military alliance defeated Mongol invaders; Southeast Asians were among the few peoples to successfully resist Mongol conquest.
131
Q

Changing Southeast Asian Societies NIL

A

A. Theravada Buddhist Society in Siam

  1. Rama Kamkheng (Rama the Brave) founded Sukhotai (1238-1419) with former Angkor vassals.
  2. The state of Ayuthia eclipsed Sukhotai by 1350, and formed a regional empire when its rival collapsed.
  3. These Siamese states were run by monarchs considered semidivine reincarnations of Buddhas.
  4. Small nuclear families were the norm in Siamese society, rather than the extended families of India and China.
  5. Although women were not absolutely equal, they enjoyed many equal rights including those of inheritance, marriage, divorce, and employment in commerce.
  6. Buddhist Theravada monks played an important role in Siamese society, so literacy rates were the highest in the pre-modern world.
132
Q

Vietnamese Society NIL

A
  1. After being a Chinese colony for a thousand years, it attained independence as a vassal state in 939.
  2. Although the Chinese invaded again in 1407, Le Loi (1385?1433) expelled the Chinese in 1428 and founded the Vietnamese Le dynasty (1428?1788).
  3. Because of their long struggle against Chinese domination, the Vietnamese developed a national sense centuries before such feelings developed elsewhere in the world.
  4. Vietnam had an imperial system based on the Chinese, with an emperor intermediate between humans and the gods, not a god-king.
  5. Peasant villages mixed Chinese Mahayana Buddhism, Confucianism, and Daoism with Vietnamese spirit and ancestor worship.
  6. In the tenth century Vietnamese left the Red River Valley to migrate south along the coast during the Nam Tien (?Drive to the South?), overrunning the kingdom of Champa in central Vietnam.
133
Q

Islam, Maritime Networks, and the Malay World NIL

A
  1. The spread of Islam in the region spurred on the rise of the great port of Melaka when in 1403 the Hindu ruler Parameswara adopted Islam and became a sultan.
  2. Islam also spread into states throughout the region, such as Acheh in Sumatra and Ternate and Tidor in the spice-rich Moluccan (Maluku) islands.
  3. Most peasants throughout these regions maintained their mystical animist beliefs underneath a veneer of Islam.
134
Q

Melaka (Crossroads of trade) NIL

A

Melaka replaced Srivijaya as a regional power, allying itself with China during the visits of Admiral Zheng He and his grand fleet in 1409 and 1414.
2. Melaka flourished a vital link in world trade, attracting 15,000 foreign merchants and 100,000 to 200,000 people by the late 1400s; Eighty-five languages were spoken in the city streets, and more ships crowded its harbor than any other in the world

135
Q

Southeast Asia and the Wider World

A

Southeast Asias wealth and connections to the wider world impressed visitors such as Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta, and eventually attracted unwelcome Portuguese explorers.

136
Q

10th Crusade

A

American war in Iraq, dubbed by Bush

137
Q

Crusade General

A

There are two sides of the story, European and Middle Eastern, the numbering was by the Historians.

  • Armed pilgrimage to the Holy Land.
  • Tensions within Europe fostered a series of nine Crusades, holy wars against Muslims in Palestine between 1095 and 1272.
138
Q

PreCrusade Pilgrimage

A

-Pilgrimage before this was peaceful and was a sort of soul searching idea.
Went to:
1. Span
2. Rome
3. Jerusalem, however Muslims had been there for years.

139
Q

Events leading to Crusades

A
  1. Fatimid Mad Caliph (from Cairo)- Al Hakam,
    - destroyed the Holy Sepachre (Tomb of Jesus)
  2. Salijuqd Turks smashed Byzantines at Manzikert
    - saw as barrier b/w Europe and Muslims
  3. Fatimids took Jerusalem from Salijuas
  4. Byzantine Emperor Alexius Comnenus begins ascent to throne and asks Pope for hep
140
Q

Pope Urban II

A

Preaches crusade at Clermont.
-Pope Urban II preached the first crusade in 1095 by fabricating Muslim Turk atrocities against Christians, prompting the Christian conquest of Jerusalem and mass slaughter of its inhabitants, who viewed crusaders as pirates and terrorists

141
Q

European Knights

A

Had to buy own equipment usually for self and someone else.

  • Were 2md or 3rd tier nobleman.
  • Had no set leaders and Byzantines did not assist
  • Moved east in 1096
  • Had first major victory in County of Edessa and County of Antioch
142
Q

Jerusalem

A

Crusaders captured in 1099, Kingdom of Crusaders and of Heaven.

  • By then however had lost almost all horses, 70% of men and not enough food/water.
  • Jerusalem was walled and hard to conquer but did it
143
Q

Crusade States

A
  1. Edessa
  2. Antioch
  3. Jerusalem
  4. Tripoli
    * had other small vassal states and fiefs
    * between 1099-1291 were all good but lacked soldiers
144
Q

2nd Crusade

A
  • Edessa fell and sparked a new tide of fighting.
  • St. Bernard of Clairveux was main propagandist, convinced people of Europe that they needed to go and fight.
  • Ended in failure because Louis VII and Elanor of Aquitaine, Byzantines and Frederick I of Germany could not agree
145
Q

Muslim Resurgence

A

During 2nd Crusade, high point and beginning of the end of Europeans in Middle East.
-Muslims were very divided at the beginning of Crusades, but by 12th century were united under Nur al-Dan Zangi (most powerful Muslim King until 1174)

146
Q

Saladin (Salah al Din Ayyubi)

A

General of Nur al-Dan Zangi, brought Egypt under control of him. When Nur died took over.

  • His is the Ayyubid Dynasty and Mamuluk sultanate
  • He brought others under his Cairo Kingdom like Iraq and prepared for the Crusaders
147
Q

Battle of Hattin

A

Big lost for Crusaders. Beginning of end! Reconquering of Jerusalem by Muslims under Saladin. The old crusaders had begun to appreciate Muslims and make peace, however with the arrival of newer soldiers came a feeling of no patience and offensive attack

  • The Crusading army of Jerusalem marched stupidly across the desert to rescue a woman and Saladin let them starve and then smoked them out by wild fire.
  • Slaughtered and Jerusalem fell
148
Q

3rd Crusade

A

Fall of Jerusalem spawned new wave.

  • Kings Richard the Lionheart of England, Phillip II of France, Frederick I Barbarossa of Germany (Robin Hood)
  • The kings should have succeeded but Fred died and German troops left, Richard hated Phillip since he was from France and wanted throne. They couldn’t agree on tactic, Rich wanted fighting, Phillip wanted thinking. France left too.
  • Richard was and an equal match for Saladin and won some battles for Crusader states but did NOT recapture Jerusalem
149
Q

4th Crusade

A

When 3rd failed, spawned this

  • Epically failed, never even reached Jerusalem
  • Bad planning and not enough men
  • Venetians made ships, which Crusaders couldn’t pay for so made deal to fight their enemies for them which were Christian too (like Hungary)
  • Bad because Christians fighting Christians
  • Crusaders ended up sacking Byzantine Constantinople and looted Christian churches and monasteries of the Greek Orthodox church
  • Led to Byzantine decline and lots of French Crusader stuff left in Greece.
150
Q

6th Crusade

A

Frederick II was born in Cecily that was primarily Muslim and even had Muslim bodyguard. Grew up to rule Germany.

  • Knew Greek, Latin and Arabic
  • When he went after Jerusalem he was the 1st person to want to use diplomacy. He negotiated the surrender of Jerusalem and made King. Lived only 20 years and was recaptured by Muslims because the warriors were fighting among themselves. Never captured again by Europe
151
Q

St Louis IX

A

Genuine religious conviction, people are not critical of him because heart in right place. 1248-1254

  • His target was to invade Egypt, wanted to cut Muslims off from food and wealth then take Jerusalem (was originally Lionhearts plan)
  • Reached Egypt and captured major cities but miracle happened
152
Q

Battle of Fariskur

A

Ayyubids were going to fight Louis in the last ditch effort battle, but their king dropped dead. His concubine turned wife however kept this a secret and turned him into a marionette doll.
-Muslims defeated Louis

153
Q

Mamuluk

A

means owned. Were generals of the dead king of Ayyubid, started as slaves to the king, bought for military training. However made themselves kings from 1250-1517 in dynasty. These Sultans defeated the Crusaders

154
Q

Fall of Acre

A

1291 defeat of last major crusade stronghold. Now on Defensive

155
Q

Environment and Geography in Europe

A
  1. Between 500 and 900, a cooling climate and reappearing outbreaks of plague drove people in their despair to religion.
  2. Western Europe had favorable geography, including fertile, well-watered plains, a long coastline with fine harbors, and long navigable rivers such as the Danube and Rhine.
  3. Between 200 and 900 western Europe suffered repeated and prolonged incursions of migrating peoples, including Germanic groups who destroyed the western Roman Empire
156
Q

Christians and Germans

A
  1. The Christian church, through local bishops and monasteries, became the major source of authority as the power of the Roman Empire faded.
  2. Monasteries created a new culture that favored working in the fields and copying manuscripts.
  3. As Christianity moved north of the Alps, it mixed with German paganism, turning pagan worship sites into churches, changing amulets or charms into medals honoring Jesus or the Virgin Mary, and valuing warriors and fighting.
157
Q

The Frankish and Holy Roman Empires

A
  1. Muslim Armies conquered most of Spain and raided Italy and France until Charles Martel defeated them at the Battle of Tours in 732.
  2. Frankish king Pepin the Short came to the aid of Pope Stephen in 753 and granted land in central Italy in 756; this Donation of Pepin was the basis for the Papal States.
  3. The Carolingians, named after their greatest leader, Charlemagne (Carolus Magnus) (r. 768-814), who promoted education and Christianity, was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 800.
  4. Charlemagn’s empire was divided among his grandsons in 843 at the Treaty of Verdun: the imperial title and middle portion went to the eldest Lothar, Charles the Bald got West Francia, and Louis the German ruled East Francia, the Saxon territory that became Germany.
  5. The Saxon ruler Otto I (a.k.a. Otto the Great) established order in Germany and northern Italy, for which a grateful pope made him Roman Emperor in 962
158
Q

Vikings and Other Invaders

A
  1. The biggest threat to the European heartland came from the Scandinavian Vikings, or Northmen, who used shallow-draft boats to conduct raids on coasts and up rivers, sailing as far as Byzantium.
  2. The Vikings left words in English, a democratic ideal, and settlements across the north Atlantic.
  3. The Slavic Bulgars migrated from Russia, settling in Bulgaria in Central Europe; likewise, the warlike horse-riding Magyars settled in the Hungarian plain after Otto the Great defeated their bid for conquest of Germany and Italy in 955.
159
Q

Early Medieval Trade, the Muslim World, and Spain

A
  1. The Italian cities of Venice and Genoa competed for trade with Byzantium.
  2. Christian Europe benefited from increased trade and contact with the Muslim world and its knowledge of Asian science and classical Greek thought.
160
Q

Technology, Agricultural Growth, and Industry

A
  1. Several developments crucial for medieval European agriculture increasing the food supply were the moldboard plow, the horseshoe from Central Asia, the horse collar from China, the three-field system, and watermills.
161
Q

The Emergence of Feudalism

A
  1. Feudalism, a term introduced in the sixteenth century and still controversial today, was a decentralized social, political, and economic system with a weak central monarchy ruling over layers of smaller holdings that were mostly autonomous but owed service obligations to those above them in the hierarchy.
  2. A lord (ruler), granted benefices (independent land holdings; also called fiefs), to his vassals (subordinates) in exchange for oaths of personal loyalty and promises of military service; a vassal could further subdivide fiefs, giving them to their own vassals, but this was most common in England.
  3. Forces such as the disrepair of Roman roads, the small number of cities, and the lack of money and talent worked toward decentralization and fragmentation.
  4. Knights with warhorses and elaborate armor paid for by vassals, owed loyalty to their lords, and followed a strict code of chivalry that included being ferocious in battle, courteous, generous, and loyal.
  5. Mounted cavalry was possible because of the stirrup, a Chinese invention brought to Europe by Central Asians.
162
Q

Manorialism and the Slave Trade

A
  1. Serfs were peasants legally tied to the land, and vice versa.
  2. Slavery was an important part of the medieval world, forming about 10 percent of the English population and existing as a key part of the economy all over Europe.
163
Q

Medieval Cities and Towns

A
  1. Early medieval western Europe was economically underdeveloped with small cities.
  2. Some medieval people thought cities were degenerate places.
  3. Cities operated outside the structure of feudalism; a serf able to spend a year and a day in a city without being caught was considered legally free, and craftsmen and merchants organized guilds to protect their interests from feudal obligations.
164
Q

Merchants and Expanding Trade

A
  • *1. Merchants did not fit into the three feudal categories of those who prayed (clergy), fought (knights), and worked (serfs), and were resented for their traveling and wealth seeking.
    2. Greed was considered a serious sin, as was the practice of loaning money at interest (usury), although even popes borrowed money at interest from Italian bankers and Jews, who were not subject to Christian prejudices against money lending.
    3. As long-distance commerce expanded between 1100 and 1350, prejudice against merchants declined and major trading centers arose, such as the Champagne town fairs.
    4. By the 1200s, commerce was more central to the European economy than agriculture
165
Q

Family Life and Gender Relations

A
  1. Medieval society was patriarchal, with marriage existing to protect legitimate children and property rights.
  2. Parents arranged most marriages, and marriage was only a necessary evil from the church?s perspective, so large numbers of men and women remained unmarried.
  3. Men had sex outside marriage, while women were valued for virginity and faithfulness to their husbands.
  4. Women were considered both depraved and evil and yet were the objects of devotion, such as the Virgin Mary.
  5. The ideal of courtly love promoted by wandering troubadours in the 1100s elevated the status of aristocratic women and promoted usually unrequited romantic love outside of marriage.
  6. Homosexuality was tolerated until the thirteenth century, when the church launched violent campaigns against heresy and unconventional behavior; in 1250 homosexuality was legal and by 1300 it was a capital offense.
166
Q

Outsiders

A
  1. Christians were hostile to outsiders such as Muslims, whom they called pagans, and after 1150 to Jews, whom anti-Semites ordered to leave France in 1182 and elsewhere were forced to live in ghettos.
  2. Reformers criticizing church corruption were labeled heretics and attacked, such as the Albigensians in southern France.
167
Q

The Church as a Social and Political Force

A
  1. Priests held sacramental rites such as baptism and marriage that medieval people believed were important to privileges in this life and salvation in the next.
  2. Clergy could excommunicate troublemakers, causing psychological stress.
  3. Some priests were corrupt, and many had concubines or were homosexual; the church hierarchy did not want priests to have children because they did not want their church holdings to become hereditary.
  4. Church reformers tried to change the church and its abuses, such as the practice of simony, where the wealthy paid money to have their sons appointed bishops.
  5. A major church-state conflict erupted in the 11th and12th centuries when popes and Holy Roman (German) emperors fought for the right to appoint bishops.
  6. Innocent III (r. 1198?1216) extended papal authority over secular rulers and forced Jews to wear distinctive clothing.
  7. The Holy Inquisition, created in 1231, used torture and starvation to extract confessions from suspects before executing them, often by burning.
168
Q

Medieval Beliefs and the Environment

A
  1. Christians developed a linear instead of cyclical conception of history that required the human exploitation of nature, which dualistically was considered separate from humanity.
  2. Some Christians, such as St. Francis of Assisi (1182?1226), and Jews, such as Moses Maimonides, believed that nature was part of Gods creation and required protection.
169
Q

New European States

A
  1. English king Henry II (r. 1154?1189) expanded the power of the royal courts over feudal and church courts.
  2. Prince John weakened royal power in1215 by signing the Magna Carta (?Great Charter?) limiting the rights of the king and affirming those of the nobles, church, and merchants.
  3. King Henry III (r. 1216?1272) also contributed to representative government by waging wars and demanding taxes so that rebellious barons called a parliament (?speaking place?) in 1265 to air their grievances.
  4. In France, the Capetian dynasty (987?1328) strengthened the royal bureaucracy under Philip II (r. 1180?1223) and arrested Jews, burned Knights Templars, and attacked the pope under Philip the Fair (r. 1285?1314).
  5. German rulers such as the Hohenstaufen dynasty (Holy Roman Emperors between 1152?1254) spent too much time trying to control Italy and attack the pope, letting the German feudal nobility retain too much power.
170
Q

Intellectual Life and Literature

A
  1. Historians debate whether Indian and Islamic universities provided models for Europeans, but the most famous European universities formed at Paris, Oxford, Salerno, and Bologna, teaching the seven liberal arts: astronomy, geometry, arithmetic, music, grammar, rhetoric, and logic, before specializing in higher studies in medicine, law, or philosophy.
  2. Medieval philosophers such as Roger Bacon (ca. 1220?1274) reclaimed the classical tradition of rational thought in the face of church opposition, which Thomas Aquinas (1225?1274) tried to overcome.
  3. Literature was diverse, ranging from the warlike and masculine Song of Roland to stories of romantic love and individualism, such as those of King Arthur, Guinevere, and Lancelot.
171
Q

Byzantium and Its Eurasian Rivals

A
  1. Fighting between the Sassanian Persian and Byzantine Empires weakened both, making easier Arab conquests at their expense, although Constantinople withheld sieges in 673 and 717.
  2. Norman knights drove Byzantine forces from southern Italy, and Seljuk Turks took eastern Anatolia in 1071 at the Battle of Manzikert.
  3. The Byzantines were under constant attack by Persians, Bulgars, Slavs, and Christians, but survived until 1453 when conquered by the Turks.
172
Q

Byzantine Economy, Religion, and Society

A
  1. The Byzantine Empire survived as long as it did because of its economic and religious strengths, with the merchants a vital part of Byzantine society and governments dominating the church.
  2. Although the Byzantine church was patriarchal, a few women such as Empress Irene (r. 780?802) gained power and an educatio
173
Q

Byzantium and the Slavs

A
  1. Byzantium fended off attacks by the Slavic Bulgars and Serbs and participated in the slave trade; the English word for slave comes from the word Slav.
    * *2. Saints Cyril and Methodius traveled to German lands to convert Slavs to eastern Christianity, devising the Cyrillic alphabet to translate the Bible into Slavic languages.
174
Q

Russians and Mongols

A
  1. Russians descended from the Rus, whose capital was Kiev.
  2. Swedish Vikings trading in Slavic regions beginning around 825, were assimilated as the Rus ruling class.
    * *3. Vladimir I of Kiev (ca. 956?1015) became an Orthodox Christian so he could marry a Byzantine princess.Opened doors to Byzantine, baptized in Dnieper River.
  3. Mongol armies sacked Russian cities beginning in 1237.
  4. In 1241 large Mongol armies defeated Polish and Hungarian forces, but Western Europe was spared invasion because the death of Genghis Khan?s son Ogodei in Asia meant the recall of the Mongols to elect a new leader.
  5. The Mongol state of the Golden Horde on the lower Volga River remained a threat until the fifteenth century.
    * *7. Muscovy became the dominant Russian state when Ivan the Great III (1440?1505) escaped Mongol control and started to call himself czar (?Caesar?).
  6. The Russian Orthodox Church broke from the patriarch of Constantinople, and Russian clergy referred to Moscow as a third Rome, home of the purest version of Christianity.Also expanded into lands of Lithuanians, their most powerful rivals.
175
Q

The Black Death and Social Change

A
  1. The climate turned colder about 1300, resulting in the ?Little Ice Age? leading to food shortages.
  2. In 1347 a ship from the Black Sea had black rats carrying fleas infected with the Black Death, or bubonic plague, that spread throughout Europe, reaching the Baltic Sea by 1349.
  3. The Black Death killed about a third of all Europeans, decreasing the population from 70?75 million to 45?50 million.
  4. The plague struck all classes, but the upper classes suffered the greatest long-term effects as peasants demanded more privileges, and nobles were already weakened by royal centralization.
  5. The climate of social upheaval led to Christine of Pasan (1364?ca. 1430) proclaiming women?s equality, others attributing disaster to divine retribution and flagellating themselves until bloody, while many aristocrats lived it up banqueting and wearing fine clothes in what they thought would be their last days on earth.
  6. The Black Death took less of a toll on eastern Europe because it had fewer towns and more villages.
176
Q

Warfare and Political Centralization

A
  1. In the Hundred Years War (1337?1453), French peasant maid Jeanne d?Arc (ca. 1412?1431) led her forces to victory at Orleans before being burned at the stake by the English.
  2. The French kings gained by introducing new taxes and employing mercenaries rather than noble military forces.
  3. Defeat in the Hundred Years War precipitated the War of the Roses (1455?1485) in England, out of which Henry VII founded the Tutor dynasty, which would become a world power during the 1500s.
  4. The reconquest of Spain from the Muslims began in 1085 and culminated with the capture of Granada in 1492 and the expelling of the Jews.
  5. The nobility remained strong in the Holy Roman Empire, where the Habsburg family from 1273 focused on increasing their personal territorial holdings rather than developing a strong central state.
177
Q

Crisis in the Church

A
  1. The papacy was a beset with corruption and skepticism, especially with the period of the Avignon papacy (1309?1377) and the Great Schism (1378?1417) when rival popes in Avignon and Rome were puppets of the French and English kings, respectively.
178
Q

Hemispheric Connections, the Renaissance, and Technology

A
  1. The Renaissance (?rebirth?) began in the Italian city-states about 1350, intensifying and spreading during the 1400s and 1500s.
  2. The Mongol revitalization of the Silk Road brought ideas and inventions westward, revolutionizing European intellectual life.
  3. Likewise, the Ottoman ruler Mehmed the Conqueror (1430?1481) encouraged a flowering of ancient texts, and the Portuguese brought back African art that influenced Europeans.
  4. Renaissance philosophy was called humanism, and promoted in vernacular works such as Dante Alighieri?s The Divine Comedy and Giovanni Boccaccio?s Decameron.
  5. Modern scholars disagree about the role of the Renaissance in the larger growth of individualism, secularism, and scientific inquiry in Europe, but it does appear to have emphasized tolerance of diverse views and a more creative and secular worldview among educated people.
  6. Extraordinary technological developments, mostly imports from Asia, included the spinning wheel, the compass, stern-post rudder, lateen sails, and?most significantly?movable type for printing, which undermined feudalism and the church.
179
Q

Population and Economic Growth

A
  1. The population of Europe increased 40?50 percent from the tenth to fourteenth centuries, the highest growth rate in the world, accompanied by growth in agriculture and commerce.
  2. Contacts from outside Europe stimulated the European economy, such as the techniques of Arab accounting and goods like African gold.
  3. The power of western European cities and merchants were unique in the world, giving them unparalleled influence in later European expansion.
180
Q

The Portuguese and Maritime Exploration

A
  1. The Portuguese, though their standards of living were lower than the Africans and Asians they encountered, had better ships, guns, and appetite for conquest.
  2. The Portuguese Prince Henry the Navigator (1394?1460) sent caravels (small ships) south along the Atlantic coast of Africa, discovering Madeira Island, the Azores, and Canary Islands.
  3. In search of ?Christians and spices? in the Asian market, Portuguese ships under Bartolomeu Dias reached the Indian Ocean in 1487, and Christopher Columbus sailed west in 1492.

History (3 decks)

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