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Flashcards in Test 3 Deck (80)
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1
Q

What are the parts of a (prevocalic) stop?

A

closure, release burst, formant transition

2
Q

What is transition?

A

movement of articulators from one phoneme to another

3
Q

What is a formant transition?

A

changing resonant frequencies of the vocal tract due to a movement of the articulators while voicing is occuring

4
Q

What is aspiration

A

frication noise produced at the gottis

5
Q

What is a transient?

A

(release burst) brief aperiodic sound with a rapid onset

6
Q

What is a voice bar?

A

low intensity periodic noise produced when voicing occurs during the occluded portion of a stop

7
Q

what is a silent gap?

A

period of closure without voicing

8
Q

What are the two possibilities during an occlusion?

A

silent gap, voice bar

9
Q

The spectra of a release depends mainly upon what?

A

the size of the cavity in front of the occlusion

10
Q

List stops in order of highest to lowest frequency

A

alveolar, velar, bilabial

11
Q

What is voice onset time?

A

the time between the release of the occlusion and the onset of voicing

12
Q

What are the possibilities of VOT?

A

voicing starts before release (negative VOT)
voicing starts shortly after release (short lag)
voicing and release occur at the same time (zero VOT)
voicing occurs after the release (positive VOT or long lag)

13
Q

What are the typical VOTs for voiced and unvoiced stops in english?

A

voiced: less than 20 ms
voiceless: greater than 25 ms

14
Q

What is a click?

A

velar and other closure, air released

15
Q

What is the source of noise in a fricative?

A

turbulent airflow

16
Q

spectrum of fricative is determined by what?

A

size and shape of oral cavity in front of the constriction

17
Q

Which fricatives are often classified as sibilants?

A

z, s, sh, zh

18
Q

What makes a strident a strident?

A

produced with “sharper” constriction and tend to have more energy in their spectra

19
Q

describe fricatives acoustically

A

aperiodic, high frequency energy

20
Q

What are affricates?

A

stop followed by frication noise

21
Q

How does affrication frication differ from regular frication?

A

shorter

22
Q

What is carry-over coarticulation?

A

left to right, a preceeding sound changing an ensuing sound

23
Q

what is anticipatory coarticulation?

A

right to left, an upcoming sound influences a preceeding sound

24
Q

What is intonation?

A

changes in F0 across segments of speech

25
Q

What is stress

A

varying frequency, intensity, and duration to make one segment more noticeable than another

26
Q

F0 will ________ for a statement

A

fall

27
Q

F0 will ______ for a question

A

rise

28
Q

what are stressed syllables like in english?

A

higher F0
and/or duration
and/or amplitude

29
Q

What is stressed used for in english?

A

sometimes, word meaning; highlight information at discourse level

30
Q

What is phrase final lengthening?

A

last stressed syllable in a major syntactic phrase or clause is lengthened

31
Q

Air moves from areas of _______ pressure to areas of ______ pressure

A

high; low

32
Q

increase in volume carried out mainly by the ________ and _________

A

diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

33
Q

speech breathing typically involves ______

A

more inspiratory effort, short period of inspiration

34
Q

decrease in volume carried out by three main passive forces

A

elastic recoil of the lungs adn rib cage

torque or the untwisting of the cartilage connected to the sternum

35
Q

what is myoelastic? (myoelastic aerodynamic theory of phonation)

A

elastic properties of the vocal folds

36
Q

what is aerodynamic? (myoelastic aerodynamic theory of phonation)

A

onset of vibration via air pressure from lungs

37
Q

What are the steps of the myoelastic aerodynamic theory of phonation?

A
  • muscle activity adducts the vocal folds
  • subglottal pressure builds up, eventually overcoming muscular force
  • opening of the vocal folds from bottom to top
  • air velocity increases through the constriction
  • pressure on the vf decreases
  • vf close from bottom to top
38
Q

what is the longitudinal phase of the vf?

A

vf open back to front

vf close front to back

39
Q

vibratory patterns of the vocal folds is…

A

periodic but not simple

40
Q

what is the basic rate of vibration of the vocal folds called?

A

fundamental frequency

41
Q

What is perturbation?

A

small changes superimposed on larger signals

42
Q

What are the two types of perturbation?

A
frequency perturbation (jitter)
amplitude perturbation (shimmer)
43
Q

What is frequency perturbation?

A

timing variability between cycles of vocal fold vibration

44
Q

What is amplitude perturbation?

A

amplitude variability between cycles of vocal fold vibration

45
Q

What are some causes of perturbation?

A

difference in mass or tension of the left and right vocal fold
variations in lung pressure
mucous
articulators

46
Q

What are the three regions of vocal register?

A

pulse register
modal register
falsetto

47
Q

What is pulse register?

A

very low F0 associated with glottal fry

48
Q

What is modal register?

A

normal conversational speech

49
Q

What is falsetto

A

high F0

50
Q

What type of vocal fold vibration is present for falsetto?

A

VFs elongated
vocal ligament tensed
lax cover
vibration mainly with just edges of glottis
often there is no midline closure leading to breathiness

51
Q

What are the parameters of normal vocal quality?

A
maximum frequency range
speaking F0
range of intensity at selected F0 values
periodicity (measure by perturbation)
noise
52
Q

What is breathiness?

A

aspirated sound–

incomplete closure of vfs leads to air being continually released, more energy in high frequencies

53
Q

What is roughness

A

raspy voice with low pitch–
common laryngeal disorder (laryngitis, irritated, swollen vfs, cancer
acoustically in low frquencies

54
Q

what is hoarseness

A

combination of breathy and rough voice

55
Q

The lower the HNR ratio, the…

A

more noise that exists in the voice

56
Q

What is Harmonics to Noise ratio?

A

how much of voice is periodic vs aperiodic

57
Q

What is a common method of determining the quality aspects of speech?

A

have people judge “naturalness”

58
Q

what is SFF?

A

average F0 during conversational speech

59
Q

F0 remains stable until about the sixth decade of life when:

A

males experience increase in F0 (thinning of vocal folds)

females experience decrease in F0 (hormonal changes)

60
Q

What must clinical decisions about F0 take into account?

A

normal variation of F0, F0 sometimes influenced by factors other than vibration of vocal folds

61
Q

What can F0 variability do?

A

reflect speakers emotional state
highlight emotion being conveyed
signal speaker’s intent
contrast different lexical items

62
Q

what are three measures of F0 variability?

A

SD, range, semitones

63
Q

amplitude level of speech highly dependent upon:

A

the environment

64
Q

what is atypical level of conversational speech?

A

65-80 dB

65
Q

reduced amplitude is consistent with which diseases?

A

parkinson’s, ALS, vocal fold paralysis

66
Q

what is the SD of amplitude of “neutral” conversational speech?

A

10 dB SPL

67
Q

Voice disorders that involve F0 (can use F0 as a measure for diagnosis?) are?

A

inappropriate use of F0, diplophonia, vocal nodules, vocal range problems

68
Q

What is diplophonia?

A

produce two different pitches at the same time

69
Q

What are some problems associated with segmentation?

A

how do you know when to segment out words in continuous speech?
there is no one-to-one correspondence between a phoneme and the way it is produced in continuous speech

70
Q

how do adults segment?

A

lexical knowledge, acoustic cues, phonotactics, stress

71
Q

what helps us differentiate between vowels, mainly?

A

formants, we think?

72
Q

how do we tell vowels apart even though there is overlap?

A

vowel normalization - relations between formants (not absolute values of formants)

73
Q

The ability to discriminate phonemes is closely related to what?

A

how phonemes are labeled

74
Q

listeners do not seem to notice acoustic changes within a phonetic category BUT

A

are hypersensitive to the same acoustic changes across a phonetic boundary (aka there is a continuum but there is a point where we’re like.. THAT’S A P (as opposed to a b)

75
Q

What are the cues for liquid perception?

A

rapid formant transition

76
Q

What are the cues for glide perception?

A

short formant transitions

77
Q

what are the cues for nasal perception?

A

formant structure and transitions

78
Q

what are cues for stop perception?

A

formant transitions, burst frequency, VOT

79
Q

what are the cues for fricative perception?

A

frication, spectral emphasis (for determining place), amplitude (sibilants from non-sibilants), transitions

80
Q

What is the recognition point?

A

point at which a listener is capable of identifying a word from all other possible candidates