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Sociology > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

0
Q

Family

A

A social institution; primary group of people related who form a cooperative economic unit to care for offspring and are committed to maintaining the group over time

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1
Q

Four functions of families

A

Procreation, socialization, sexual regulation, economic production/consumption

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2
Q

Kinship system

A

Pattern of relationships that define people’s relationships to one another within a family

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3
Q

Conjugal

A

Non-blood; through marriage; family of procreation

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4
Q

Consanguine

A

Family of orientation, relation by blood

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5
Q

Nuclear

A

Husband, wife, children; created from industrialization

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6
Q

Subnuclear

A

One parent is missing

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7
Q

Extended family

A

Cousins, aunts, uncles, etc

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8
Q

Other mothers

A

Female provides extensive care and gets recognition

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9
Q

Compadazgo

A

Godparents included

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10
Q

Functionalist theory of family

A

Socializing youth, sex, care, support, security, mutual benefit

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11
Q

Conflict theory of family

A

System of power relations; property and status acquired

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12
Q

Symbolic interaction theory of family

A

Relationships; roles evolve

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13
Q

Endogamy

A

Pressures to marry within group (jim Crowe, religion)

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14
Q

Exogamy

A

Social pressures to marry outside group (small villages)

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15
Q

Marriage

A

Consensual unit based on intimacy, economic cooperation and mutual goals

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16
Q

Mate selection

A

Based on wealth, social advantage, romantic love

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17
Q

Social aspects of mate selection

A

Child/arranged marriage; seclusion of women; adult supervision; friend pressure

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18
Q

Personal factors of mate selection

A

Propinquity, social homogamy, physical matching, complementary emotional needs

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19
Q

Propinquity

A

Likelihood/opportunity

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20
Q

Social homogamy

A

Marry someone socially similar because it’s who you see

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21
Q

Divorce rate

A

Increasing since 1950s

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22
Q

Divorce factors

A

Most likely if marry young, 2nd time; rising life expectancy; individualism; womens economic independence; liberal laws; dual career families; decline in traditional roles; stress of living with another person

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23
Q

Future trends in marriage/family

A

Increasing use of Internet to find mate; delay of marriage and birth age; smaller families; less adult time child rearing; serial monogamy; sub-nuclear families/female led; unmarried cohabitation; transnational; social speed up

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24
Q

Transnational families

A

Children in one country, parents in another

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25
Q

Social speed up

A

Working parents have too much to do

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26
Q

Education

A

The transmission of society’s knowledge–formal or not

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27
Q

Schooling

A

Institutional aspect of education

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28
Q

Functionalist theory of education

A

Socializes, occupational training; social control

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29
Q

Conflict theory of education

A

Inequality- produces workers, social system of power

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30
Q

Symbolic interaction theory of education

A

Subjective dimensions

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31
Q

Teacher expectancy effect

A

Effect of teachers expectations on students actual performance

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32
Q

Self fulfilling prophecy

A

Applying a label has the effect of justifying it

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33
Q

Stereotype threat

A

Perceived negative stereotypes about ones group can actually affect ones academic performance

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34
Q

Visible curriculum of schools

A

Classes, subjects, basic skills acquired (math, reading); social skills (compliance); job training

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35
Q

Hidden curriculum of schools

A

Socialize into proper work attitudes- show up on time, don’t bother others; perpetuate inequalities

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36
Q

Latent functions

A

Subtle, indirect consequences

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37
Q

What do schools do?

A

Visible curriculum, hidden curriculum, provide credentials, delay entrance to work force

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38
Q

Growth of educational institutions

A

Needs of industrialization: more tech sophisticated, decline in role of family; industry: teacher/admin jobs, textbooks, testing services

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39
Q

Value of schooling for men

A

Decline in manufacturing jobs–narrowing gap with high/elementary school education; Econ value for all schooling decline since 1970s

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40
Q

Value of schooling for females

A

Econ value of college has increased significantly since 1970s

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41
Q

Culture capital

A

Certain parents have access to info about preparing students for college entrance exams

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42
Q

Problems with schools

A

Inequality; standardized tests; teaching is low status and low pay; large student:teacher ratios, who disciplines students? Whose values are taught?; lack of parental support, school dropouts; functional illiteracy

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43
Q

Do standardized tests measure intelligence?

A

Limited range; bias; don’t predict performance

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44
Q

Tracking

A

Separate students based on ability

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45
Q

Religion

A

Institutionalized system of symbols, beliefs, values, and practices by which a group of people interprets and respond to what they feel is scared and that provided answers to questions of ultimate meaning

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46
Q

How is religion Institutionalized?

A

Pattern of social action; larger than individual; persists over time

47
Q

How is religion a feature of groups?

A

Community; cohesive

48
Q

sacred

A

That which is set apart from ordinary activity for worship, seen as holy, protected by rites and rituals

49
Q

Profane

A

Of the every day world

50
Q

Totem

A

Object/living thing religious group regards with special reference

51
Q

Moral Prescriptions

A

Constraint imposed by external forces; norms for behavior

52
Q

What does religion do?

A

Provides answers, psychological support; integrated society and binds people together

53
Q

Characteristics of religion

A

Divide world into sacred and profane; use of rituals; emotionalism; strong beliefs about righteousness; symbolism

54
Q

Churches

A

Highly organized; formal; integrated with secular world

55
Q

Sects

A

Offshoot because questions legitimacy/purity; less organized

56
Q

Cults

A

Not organized; isolate people; devoted to cause/charisma

57
Q

Ideal types

A

Convey essential characteristics of some social entity or phenomenon, even though they do not explains every feature

58
Q

What’s the fastest growing religion?

A

Islam because religion of the liberator in Africa

59
Q

Max Weber and Protestant ethic

A

Consistent with capitalism because emphasis on hard work and individual action; acquisition of wealth and show god favors you; self-discipline and deferred gratification (savings account)

60
Q

Karl Marx and false consciousness

A

Capitalism is opiate of the masses because heaven dulls you to how bad life is; discourages social action

61
Q

Emile Durkheim and function of religion

A

Reaffirms social behavior/cohesion

62
Q

Collective consciousness

A

Body of beliefs common to a community or society that gives a sense of belonging

63
Q

Declining interest in religion in US

A

God is dead according to time in 1960–now using science to explain the world; declining church membership

64
Q

Fundamentalism

A

Need to return to basic principles; decadence of modern world; skepticism of science; desire a theocracy; subordination/deserialization of women

65
Q

Civil religion

A

Doctrine of divine origins of the state; sacred symbols, rituals, political use

66
Q

Demography

A

Scientific study of population size, distribution, composition and changes over time

67
Q

Population changes

A

(Births-deaths) + (immigration-emigration)

68
Q

Net increase

A

[natural increase] + [net migration]

69
Q

Crude birth rate

A 
# babies born each year per 1000 people 
#births/total pop x 1000
70
Q

Crude death rate

A 
# deaths each year per 1000 people
# deaths/total pop x 1000
71
Q

Infant mortality rate

A

deaths of less than 1 year olds per year for every 1000 live births

72
Q

Sex ratio

A 
# males per 100 females
# males/# females x 100
73
Q

Replacement rate

A

Fertility rate at zero growth (2.11)

74
Q

Reasons for declining fertility

A

Economic: large families are costly, more women working; tech: birth control; social: increased divorce, changing status of women

75
Q

Life span

A

Associated with species

76
Q

Life expectancy

A

Given at birth

77
Q

Reasons for increased life expectancy

A

Disease control; better disease/health care

78
Q

History of migration

A

encouraged until 1920s,

1924: National origins quota act so only N/W Europe;
1965: hart-cellar act opened doors

79
Q

Eugenics

A

Bad genes cause social problems–immigration is threat to gene pool

80
Q

Illegal immigration (how many, costs and benefits, etc)

A

12 mil in us
Difficult to stop; highly motivated immigrants
Benefits: cheap, labor for unwanted jobs
Costs: don’t pay income tax, send home money, Change for healthcare/school

81
Q

World pop: bottleneck

A

70,000 BP 1 mil people then climate change and 5000-30,000 people

82
Q

Thomas Malthus and essay on principles of pop 1798

A

Moral issues leads to sex leads to exponential increase in pop leads to food scarcity; only checks on pop: abstinence, famine, disease, war

83
Q

Karl Marx and population

A

Poverty because capitalism and underproduction of goods

84
Q

Erlichs and pop

A

Malthus wasn’t wrong; quality of environment is critical

85
Q

Demographic transition theory

A

Countries pass through a consistent sequence of population patterns linked to the degree of development

1: high births and deaths (colonial US)
2: high births, low deaths (indus US)
3: low birth and death (US at WW2)

86
Q

Social change

A

The alteration of social interactions, institutions, stratification systems and elements of culture over time

87
Q

Macro changes

A

Gradual over broad scale

88
Q

Culture lag

A

Delay with social change and cultural adjustments

89
Q

Cultural diffusion

A

Transmission of cultural elements from one society to another

90
Q

Tech innovation

A

Cyberspace revolution

91
Q

Social movement

A

Group with continuity and organization to promote/resist social change

92
Q

Collective behavior

A

Usual conventions that guide social behavior are disrupted and people establish new, sudden norms in response

93
Q

Revolution

A

Overthrow state/authority or transform state institution; must be repressive or major economic crisis

94
Q

Sources of social change

A

Cultural diffusion, tech innovation, social movement, collective behavior, revolution

95
Q

Functionalist theories of social change

A

Spencer and Durkheim: societies become more complex

96
Q

Mechanical solidarity

A

Cohesiveness based on similarity

97
Q

Organic solidarity

A

Cohesiveness based on differences

98
Q

Conflict theory of social change

A

Social change has direction

99
Q

Symbolic interaction theory of social change

A

Micro level; fads emerging, surging then purging

100
Q

Globalization

A

Increase in interconnectedness and interdependence around the world

101
Q

Modernization

A

Change initiated by industrialization and followed with differentiation/division

102
Q

Tönnoes theory

A

Modernization is progressive loss of gemenischaft for Gesellschaft (division of labor)

103
Q

Human societies and energy

A

Energy production and consumption system; energy is limiting factor of societal development

104
Q

Types of societies and subsidies

A

Natural: non sub
Preindustrial: low sub
Industrial: high sub

105
Q

Environmental sociology

A

Study of interdependence between humans and environment

106
Q

Human ecosystem

A

System of interdependent parts that involved human beings in interaction with one another and the environment

107
Q

Climate change

A

Systematic increase in worldwide temperatures and ecological change (more extreme weather patterns, threats to water supply)

108
Q

Environmental racism

A

Pollutants disproportionately in minority neighborhoods

109
Q

Env justice novmeber

A

Social action against env racism

110
Q

Resource depletion

A

Increase demand of fossil fuels because steam engine; deforestation/habitat destruction because pop/commercial pressures; US: 4.5% pop, consumes 18% energy: produces 15%

111
Q

Resource Degredation

A

Sulfur dioxide-> acid rain
Nitrogen oxide-> smog
Methane/CO2-> greenhouse gas
CFC-> ozone depletion

112
Q

Future of energy

A

Industrial societies have high energy demands, large complex societies can only exist with massive energy subsidies, is this sustainable?

113
Q

Alternates to fossil fuels

A

Nuclear fission/fusion; solar, wind, thermal, tidal, conservation

114
Q

Marginal utility

A

Positive benefits of growth

115
Q

Marginal disutility

A

Negative consequences of growth

Sociology (3 decks)

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