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Learning and Behavior > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

avoidance behavior

A

Behavior that occurs before the aversive stimulus is presented and thereby prevents its delivery

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2
Q

contrived reinforcers

A

reinforcers that have been deliberately arranged to modify a behavior; they are not a typical consequence of the behavior in that setting; also called artificial reinforcer

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3
Q

Discriminative Stimulus S^D

A

a stimulus in the presence of which responses are reinforced and in the absence of which they are not reinforced; that is, a stimulus that signals the availability of reinforcement

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4
Q

Discriminative Stimulus for Extinction S^delta

A

a stimulus that signals the absence of reinforcement

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5
Q

Discriminative Stimulus for Punishment S^DP

A

a stimulus that signals that a response will be punished

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6
Q

Escape Behavior

A

a behavior that results in the termination of an aversive stimulus

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7
Q

Extrinsic Reinforcement

A

the reinforcement provided by a consequence that is external to the behavior, that is, an extrinsic motivator

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8
Q

Generalized Reinforcer

A

a secondary the of reinforcer that has been associated with several other reinforcers

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9
Q

Intrinsic Reinforcement

A

Reinforcement provided by the mere act of performing the behavior; the performance of the behavior is inherently reinforcing

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10
Q

law of effect

A

as stated by Thorndike, the proposition that behaviors that lead to a satisfying state of affairs are strengthened or stamped in by while behaviors that lead to an unsatisfying or annoying state of affairs are weakened or stamped out

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11
Q

natural reinforcers

A

reinforcers that are naturally provided for certain behavior; that is they are a typical consequence of the behavior within that setting

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12
Q

negative punishment

A

the removal of a stimulus that (one that is considered pleasant or rewarding) following a response, which then leads to the a decrease in the future strength of that response

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13
Q

negative reinforcement

A

the removal of a stimulus (one that is considered unpleasant or aversive) following a response, which then leads to an increase in the future strength of that response

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14
Q

operant behavior

A

a class of emitted responses that result in certain consequences; these consequences in turn, affect the future probability or strength of those responses

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15
Q

operant conditioning

A

a type of learning in which the future probability of a behavior is affected by it’s consequences

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16
Q

positive punishment

A

the presentation of a stimulus (one that is usually considered unpleasant or aversive) following a response, which then leads to a decrease in the future strength of that response

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17
Q

positive reinforcement

A

the presentation of a stimulus ( one that is usually considered pleasant or rewarding) following a response, which then leads to an increase in the future strength of that response

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18
Q

primary reinforcer

A

an event that is innately reinforcing

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19
Q

punisher

A

an event that 1) follows a behavior and 2) decreases the future probability of that behavior

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20
Q

reinforcer

A

an event that 1)follows a behavior and 2)increases the future probability of that

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21
Q

secondary reinforcer

A

an event that is reinforcing because it has been associated with some other reinforcer

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22
Q

shaping

A

the gradual creation of new operant behavior through reinforcement of successive approximations to the behavior

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23
Q

three-term contingency

A

the relationship between a discriminative stimulus, an operant behavior, and a reinforcer or punisher

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24
Q

adjusting schedule

A

a schedule in which the response requirement changes as a function of the organism’s performance while responding for the previous reinforcer

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25
Q

behavioral bliss point approach

A

the theory that an organism with free access to alternative activities will distribute its behavior in such a way as to maximize overall reinforcement

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26
Q

chained schedule

A

a schedule consisting of a sequence of two or more simple schedules, each with it’s own S^D and the last of which results in a terminal reinforcer

27
Q

complex schedule

A

a schedule consisting of a combination of two or more simple schedules

28
Q

conjunctive schedule

A

a type of schedule in which the requirements of two or more simple schedules must be met before a reinforcer is delivered

29
Q

continous reinforcement schedule

A

a schedule in which each specified response is reinforced

30
Q

differential reinforcement of high rates (DRH)

A

a schedule in which reinforcement is contingent upon emitting at least a certain number of responses in a certain period of time – or, more generally, reinforcement is provided for responding at a fast rate

31
Q

differential reinforcement of low rates (DRL)

A

a schedule in which a minimum amount of time must pass between each response before the reinforcer will be delivered – or, more generally, reinforcement is provided for responding at a slow rate

32
Q

differential reinforcement of paced responding (DRP)

A

a schedule in which reinforcement is contingent upon emitting a series of responses at a set rate – or, more generally, a reinforcement is provided for responding neither too fast nor too slow

33
Q

drive reduction theory

A

according to this theory, an event is reinforcing to the extent that it is associated with a reduction in some type of psychological drive

34
Q

Fixed Duration (FD) schedule

A

a schedule in which reinforcement is contingent upon continuous performance of a behavior for a fixed, predictable period of time

35
Q

Fixed Interval (FI) schedule

A

a schedule in which reinforcement is contingent upon the first response after a fixed, predictable period of time

36
Q

fixed ratio (FR) schedule

A

a schedule in which reinforcement is contingent upon a fixed, predictable number of responses

37
Q

Fixed time (FT) schedule

A

a schedule in which the reinforcer is delivered following a fixed, predictable period of time, regardless of the organism’s behavior

38
Q

goal gradient effect

A

an increase in the strength and/or efficiency of responding as one draw nears to the goal

39
Q

incentive motivation

A

motivation derived from some property of the reinforcer, as opposed to an internal drive state

40
Q

intermittent (or partial) reinforcement schedule

A

a schedule in which only some of the responses are reinforced

41
Q

noncontingent schedule of reinforcer

A

a schedule in which the reinforcer is delivered independently of any response

42
Q

premack principle

A

the notion that a high-probability behavior can be used to reinforce a low-probability behavior

43
Q

Ratio Strain

A

a disruption in responding due to an overly demanding response requirement

44
Q

Response Deprivation Hypothesis

A

the notion that a behavior can serve as a reinforcer when: 1) access to the behavior is restricted and 2)it’s frequency falls below its preferred level of occurrence

45
Q

Response-Rate Schedule

A

a schedule in which reinforcement is directly contingent upon the organism’s rate of response

46
Q

schedule of reinforcement

A

the response requirement that must be met to obtain reinforcement

47
Q

variable duration (VD) schedule

A

a schedule in which reinforcement is contingent upon continuous performance of a behavior for a varying, unpredictable period of time

48
Q

variable interval (VI) schedule

A

a schedule in which reinforcement is contingent upon the first response after a varying, unpredictable period of time

49
Q

variable ratio (VR) schedule

A

a schedule in which reinforcement is contingent upon a varying, unpredictable number of responses

50
Q

variable time (VT) schedule

A

a schedule in which the reinforcer is delivered following a varying, unpredictable period of time, regardless of the organism’s behavior

51
Q

avoidance theory of punishment

A

punishment involving a type of avoidance conditioning in which the avoidance response consists of any behavior other than the behavior being punished

52
Q

conditioned suppression theory of punishment

A

the assumption that punishment does not weaken a behavior, but instead produces an emotional response that interferes with the occurrence of the behavior

53
Q

exposure and response prevention (ERP)

A

a method of treating obsessive-compulsive behavior that involves prolonged exposure to anxiety-arousing events while not engaging in the compulsive behavior pattern that reduces the anxiety

54
Q

extrinsic punishment

A

punishment that is not an inherent aspect of the behavior being punished but that simply follows the behavior

55
Q

generalized (or generalized secondary) punisher

A

an event that has become punishing because it has in the past been associated with many other punishers

56
Q

intrinsic punishment

A

punishment that is an inherent aspect of the behavior being punished

57
Q

learn helplessness

A

a decrement in learning ability that results from repeated exposure to uncontrollable aversive events

58
Q

Premark principle of punishment

A

a low-probability behavior (LPB) can be used to punish a high-probability behavior (HPB)

59
Q

primary (or unconditioned) punisher

A

any event that is innately punishing

60
Q

response cost

A

a form of negative punishment involving the removal of a specific reinforcer following the occurrence of a behavior

61
Q

secondary (or conditioned) punisher

A

an event that has become punishing because it has in the past been associated with some punisher

62
Q

time-out

A

a form of negative punishment involving the loss of access to positive reinforcers for brief period of time following the occurrence of a problem behavior

63
Q

two-process theory of avoidance

A

the theory that avoidance behavior is the result of two distinct processes: 1)classical conditioning, in which a fear response comes to be elicited by a CS, and 2)operant conditioning, in which moving away from the CS is negatively reinforced by a reduction in fear

Learning and Behavior (7 decks)

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