Anthracosaurs
mostly adapted for life in the water. Long snouted and long bodied predators.
Had jaws designed for slamming shut on prey. (Crocodile like fish eaters)
Amniotes
These were mammals reptiles and birds.
Temnospondyls
ancestors of amphibians. They came before living amphibians. Largest and most divrse group of Carboniferous tetrapods.
Large and heavy bones for its size.
Stem group
a group that is composed of all the taxa that are more closely related to the living members of the group than the living members of other groups.
Allantois
Stores the embryos waste when it is in the egg
Yolk sac
contains the embryos food supply
Chorion
coats the inside of the shell. Helps keep eggs contents together and allows gas exchange.
Embryo
The organism inside the egg
Outer Shell
This keeps the embryo from drying out while allowing oxygen in
Crown Group
a group that is composed of all the descendants of the last common ancestor of the living members of the group.
Seymouria
One of the few anthracosaurs well adapted for terrestrial life.
Erypos
A Permian temnospondyl about 6 ft long. These are massively built. Large powerful jaws. Big predator of this era
In what environment did the first egg most likely evolve?
In wet enviornments
Why would animals begin to move onto the land?
Because predators began coming to the water? They would lay their eggs in flourishing plant life that provided damp groups so their eggs would not dry out.
Anapsids
know the head
Synapsids
know the head. Pelycosaurs, Therapsids, mammals
Diapsids
know the head. Dinos, Pterosaurs, Reptiles, Birds
Petrolacosaurus
Earliest well known diapsid. Appears in the late carboniferous
Pelycosaurs
These are the animals where all of their power came from their back two legs. (Forklift example)
Ophiacodont
This is a fish-eating Pelycosaur. They have long snouts w/pointed teeth.
Sphenacodonts
Pelycosaur. They have long spines and single pairs of extra large on their lower jaws. Specialized on land.
Caseids
Have small heads and large barrel shaped bodies capable of holding large volumes of low calorie food. Large nostrils
Edaphosaurs
About 3 meters long and weighs over 600 pounds. Similar to the Caseid except it has a sail
Therapsids
Short stocky bodies with small tails. This helps adapt to thermoregulation.
Dinocephalians
First abundant therapsids They are much faster than pelycosaurs.
Dicynodonts
These were dominant late Permian creatures. Short snouts, No chewing teeth. Jaw point was weak. Their skull was boxlike.
Gorgonopsians
Ferocious appearance. They were carnivores that specialized on large prey. Short snout but deep to hold the teeth.
Cynodonts
Mammal like with dog teeth.. A type of Therapsid
Dimetrodon
The best know sphenacodont.
What type of locomotion was present in Pelycosaurs?
They walked with their back legs
How did caseid Pelycosaurs most likely process their food?
They had powerful digestive enzymes to help break down plant cellulose
What features suggest that Sphenacodonts hunted terrestrial prey?
They had a narrow body and long legs
What are the best explanations for why Dimetrodon had a “sail”?
For appearance and thermoregulation
Mesozoic Era
Consisted of 3 time periods.
Triassic: 251-200 MA
Jurassic: 200-145 MA
Cretaceous 145-65 MA
Which group of tetrapods recoverd the quickest from the Permo-Triassic extinction?
synapsids bounced back the quickest
Rhynchosaurs
Plant-eating archosauromorphs. They are pig sized animals w hooked snouts and powerful cutting beak.
Carrier’s Constraints
This states that animals like lizards cannot run and breathe at the same time due to their awkward run. So they need to stop to breathe.
Phytosaurs
Crocodile like archosaurs. Nostrils located between their eyes. Measured up to 20 feet long. (Late Triassic)
Aetosaurs
Lived in Triassic only. Planting eating archosaurs w/upturned snouts and armor covered bodies.
Ornithosuchids
Carnivors with relatively short forelimbs and short lower jaws.
Rauisuchians
Large carnivours during the Triassic. They were THE most feared predator of that Era
Silesaurus
almost a dinosaur. late Triassic. small herbivore with a beak for cropping vegetables.
Rauisuchians hip structures
Pillar erect (Pillars) Bad guy of his era
Solving carriers constraint: Lizards, Eryops, Pelyocsaurs, Mammals?
Lizards: short bursts, stand still to breathe
Eryops: powerful tail, seperates breathing from locomotion
Pelycosaurs: stiffend backbone, less agile
Mammals: upright stance and diaphragm
Saurischians hip shape
upside down v
Ornithischians hip shape
backwards C
Stegosaurs and Ankylosaurs
Came from Ornithiscia and then Thyreophora
What animals were Theropods?
Spinosaurs, T rex, corlophysoids (bi-pedal and ate meat most of them)
Acetabulum
part of the hip
Ischium
part of the hip
Ornithopods
herbivores. The most successful group of herbivores in cretaceous period
Pachycephalosaurs
Known for having a large bony dome on the top of its head. bi pedal stance. More related to the ceratopsian
Theropods
A group that included a lot of carnivours dinosaurs. Come from the saurnican group. Meat eating
Megalosaurus`]
large carnivore in Jurassic. A theropod
Oviraptor
It is in the Coelursurs group. Was very bird like
Thagomizer
This is the Spikes that stegosaurs has to defend its self
Pubis
Type of bone in the hip
Anklyosaurs
Ornithischians –> Thyreophora; “shield”; spiny triangle projections off of back; were herbivores and lived in Cretaceous; had sinuses for breahting
Iguanodonts
A duck built beak. One of the first groups of dinosaurs to be found
Massospondylus
is a genus of sauropodomorph dinosaur
Spinosaurs
Among the largest known of all living dinosaurs. It was a theropod. Skull was long and narrow. Formed a sail like structure
What are the two major groups of dinosaurs?
The ornithischians and Saurischians
What techniques did dinosaurs use for digesting vegetation
More developed dinosaurs used stone in their stomachs called gastroliths
What mode of life did the sauropodomorphs and sauropods have?
Herbivores with long necks
What is the mode of life for all of the Ornithischians?
Herbivores- fed on low cal vegetation so they were medium-sized`
Therapsid, Pelyosaurs, archoDUDe, what order?
Pely, Therapsid, Arch