Use value
Value derived from actual use of a good or service
Exchange value
the quantified worth of one good or service in terms of the worth of another
Value
The labor time that is socially necessary to make some commodity
Surplus value
Producing more than the labor value
Exploitation
unjust taking of the fruits of others’ labor
Weberian location theory
There’s logic to where certain industries are locate dependent on if an industry is weight and bulk losing or gaining,
Is it lighter/heavier as a finished product or as the resources used to make it?
Impacted heavily by transportation and labor costs.
Weight and bulk gaining industries
Ex. beer making;
Location should be closer to market
Finished product is heavier than the resources used to make it
Weight and bulk losing industries
Ex. steelmaking
Location should be closer to raw materials
Raw materials are heavier than the finished product
Deindustrialization
A relative decline in industrial employment in core regions; the (il)logic: value “fixed” in place
Creative destruction
The withdrawal of investments from activities that yield low rates of profit in order to reinvest in new activities
Disinvestment
The withdrawal of capital that can take place through manufacturers reducing their wage bill by cutting back on production and reducing their fixed costs by closing down and selling off some of their factory space and equipment. These processes eventually lead into deindustrialization.
Division of labor
the specialization of different people, regions, or countries in particular kinds of economic activities.
Just-in-case production
manufacturing process in which materials are stored for when they are needed; surplus is present
Just-in-time production
manufacturing process in which daily or hourly delivery schedules of materials allow for minimal or zero inventories.
Export processing zones (EPZs)
small areas within which especially favorable investment and trading conditions are created by governments in order to attract export-oriented industries.
Maquiladoras
Foreign companies in Mexico that for duty-free assembly of products that are designed for reexport
Urbanization
increasing concentration of population into growing metropolitan areas
Urbanism
way of life, attitudes, values, and patterns of behavior fostered by urban settings.
Urban origins
(1) ecclesiastical or university centers
(2) defensive strongholds
(3) administrative centers [for the upper tiers of the feudal hierarchy]
Site
physical attributions of a location – its terrain, soil, vegetation, and water sources, for example.
Situation
location of a place relative to other places and human activities.
Defensive sites
examples: Paris, Tokyo, Mexico City, Manhattan, Prague
Gateway sites
serve as a link between one country or region and others because of their physical situation
Chokepoint sites
Strategic canal that is used to stop/block sea traffic
examples: Cambridge, Oxford, Johnstown
Fall-line cities
examples: Richmond, Minneapolis/St. Paul
Central places
A settlement in which certain products and services are available to consumers.
(theory):seeks to explain the relative size and spacing of towns and cities as a function of people’s shopping behaviors
Rank-size rule
statistical regularity in size distributions of cities and regions
World city
city in which a disproportionate part of the world’s most important business is conducted
Mega city
very large city characterized by both primacy and high centrality within its national economy
Sectoral model
The central business district is in the center of the city, surrounded by low income neighborhoods and wholesale & light manufacturing. Middle & upper income neighborhoods are located towards the edge of the city.
Central Business District (CBD)
city’s center; nucleus of commercial land uses
Multiple nuclei model
Model of urbanization proposed by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman in which decentralized nodes of different categories of land use end up in many different configurations, depending on local conditions.
Gentrification
invasion of older, centrally located, working-class neighborhoods by higher-income households seeking the character and convenience of less expensive and well-located residences.
it’s not gentrification without displacement.
Rent gap
gap between actual rent and potential rent; capital circulation is key
Redlining
practice whereby lending institutions delimit “bad-risk” neighborhoods on a city map and then use the map as the basis for determining loans.
results in a bias against minorities
Steering
black people can be “steered” into certain neighborhoods, Asians into others.
block-busting
Practice enforced by real-estate agents that sponsor the migration of different races to get turnover in neighborhoods and make commission.
Restrictive covenants
statement written into a property deed that restricts the use of land in some way
Procedural and substantive
procedural: the establishment of fair rules (ex. - trial by jury)
substantive: Fair outcomes
Procedurally just practices can result in substantively unjust outcomes (and vice versa)
retributive and distributive (social, economic, and political justice)
retributive: justice in the justice system (ex. - community service after caught shoplifting, repenting for your sins in a Catholic church after cheating on your spouse)
distributive: the distribution of outcomes
Rawls’ theory of justice
“original position” divide stuff fairly, nothing to say that one person/thing is better than the other; have to support redistributive policies
Nozick’s theory of justice
Lockean Libertarianism; people can get goods via making them or taking them, therefore a just world protects the rights of ownership
Young’s theory of justice
feminist philosophies of social justice; labor doesn’t imply ownership rights (childbirth); labor is gendered; the world we’re born into is already uneven/unjust
The right to the city
(1) right to inhabit and habitat (2) right to life & space (3) right to centrality
Putting people’s needs, desires, and use-values ahead of the needs and desires and exchange values of capital.