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Flashcards in Test 3 Deck (44)
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1
Q

Use value

A

Value derived from actual use of a good or service

2
Q

Exchange value

A

the quantified worth of one good or service in terms of the worth of another

3
Q

Value

A

The labor time that is socially necessary to make some commodity

4
Q

Surplus value

A

Producing more than the labor value

5
Q

Exploitation

A

unjust taking of the fruits of others’ labor

6
Q

Weberian location theory

A

There’s logic to where certain industries are locate dependent on if an industry is weight and bulk losing or gaining,
Is it lighter/heavier as a finished product or as the resources used to make it?
Impacted heavily by transportation and labor costs.

7
Q

Weight and bulk gaining industries

A

Ex. beer making;

Location should be closer to market
Finished product is heavier than the resources used to make it

8
Q

Weight and bulk losing industries

A

Ex. steelmaking

Location should be closer to raw materials
Raw materials are heavier than the finished product

9
Q

Deindustrialization

A

A relative decline in industrial employment in core regions; the (il)logic: value “fixed” in place

10
Q

Creative destruction

A

The withdrawal of investments from activities that yield low rates of profit in order to reinvest in new activities

11
Q

Disinvestment

A

The withdrawal of capital that can take place through manufacturers reducing their wage bill by cutting back on production and reducing their fixed costs by closing down and selling off some of their factory space and equipment. These processes eventually lead into deindustrialization.

12
Q

Division of labor

A

the specialization of different people, regions, or countries in particular kinds of economic activities.

13
Q

Just-in-case production

A

manufacturing process in which materials are stored for when they are needed; surplus is present

14
Q

Just-in-time production

A

manufacturing process in which daily or hourly delivery schedules of materials allow for minimal or zero inventories.

15
Q

Export processing zones (EPZs)

A

small areas within which especially favorable investment and trading conditions are created by governments in order to attract export-oriented industries.

16
Q

Maquiladoras

A

Foreign companies in Mexico that for duty-free assembly of products that are designed for reexport

17
Q

Urbanization

A

increasing concentration of population into growing metropolitan areas

18
Q

Urbanism

A

way of life, attitudes, values, and patterns of behavior fostered by urban settings.

19
Q

Urban origins

A

(1) ecclesiastical or university centers
(2) defensive strongholds
(3) administrative centers [for the upper tiers of the feudal hierarchy]

20
Q

Site

A

physical attributions of a location – its terrain, soil, vegetation, and water sources, for example.

21
Q

Situation

A

location of a place relative to other places and human activities.

22
Q

Defensive sites

A

examples: Paris, Tokyo, Mexico City, Manhattan, Prague

23
Q

Gateway sites

A

serve as a link between one country or region and others because of their physical situation

24
Q

Chokepoint sites

A

Strategic canal that is used to stop/block sea traffic

examples: Cambridge, Oxford, Johnstown

25
Q

Fall-line cities

A

examples: Richmond, Minneapolis/St. Paul

26
Q

Central places

A

A settlement in which certain products and services are available to consumers.
(theory):seeks to explain the relative size and spacing of towns and cities as a function of people’s shopping behaviors

27
Q

Rank-size rule

A

statistical regularity in size distributions of cities and regions

28
Q

World city

A

city in which a disproportionate part of the world’s most important business is conducted

29
Q

Mega city

A

very large city characterized by both primacy and high centrality within its national economy

30
Q

Sectoral model

A

The central business district is in the center of the city, surrounded by low income neighborhoods and wholesale & light manufacturing. Middle & upper income neighborhoods are located towards the edge of the city.

31
Q

Central Business District (CBD)

A

city’s center; nucleus of commercial land uses

32
Q

Multiple nuclei model

A

Model of urbanization proposed by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman in which decentralized nodes of different categories of land use end up in many different configurations, depending on local conditions.

33
Q

Gentrification

A

invasion of older, centrally located, working-class neighborhoods by higher-income households seeking the character and convenience of less expensive and well-located residences.

it’s not gentrification without displacement.

34
Q

Rent gap

A

gap between actual rent and potential rent; capital circulation is key

35
Q

Redlining

A

practice whereby lending institutions delimit “bad-risk” neighborhoods on a city map and then use the map as the basis for determining loans.

results in a bias against minorities

36
Q

Steering

A

black people can be “steered” into certain neighborhoods, Asians into others.

37
Q

block-busting

A

Practice enforced by real-estate agents that sponsor the migration of different races to get turnover in neighborhoods and make commission.

38
Q

Restrictive covenants

A

statement written into a property deed that restricts the use of land in some way

39
Q

Procedural and substantive

A

procedural: the establishment of fair rules (ex. - trial by jury)
substantive: Fair outcomes

Procedurally just practices can result in substantively unjust outcomes (and vice versa)

40
Q

retributive and distributive (social, economic, and political justice)

A

retributive: justice in the justice system (ex. - community service after caught shoplifting, repenting for your sins in a Catholic church after cheating on your spouse)
distributive: the distribution of outcomes

41
Q

Rawls’ theory of justice

A

“original position” divide stuff fairly, nothing to say that one person/thing is better than the other; have to support redistributive policies

42
Q

Nozick’s theory of justice

A

Lockean Libertarianism; people can get goods via making them or taking them, therefore a just world protects the rights of ownership

43
Q

Young’s theory of justice

A

feminist philosophies of social justice; labor doesn’t imply ownership rights (childbirth); labor is gendered; the world we’re born into is already uneven/unjust

44
Q

The right to the city

A

(1) right to inhabit and habitat (2) right to life & space (3) right to centrality

Putting people’s needs, desires, and use-values ahead of the needs and desires and exchange values of capital.