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Semester 2 Microbiology > Test 3- Chapters 20 & 21 > Flashcards

Test 3- Chapters 20 & 21 Flashcards

1
Q

occurs when healthy people are exposed to disease agents that then try to overcome the immune system and establish a population

A

colonization

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2
Q

is colonization always automatically associated with disease

A

no

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3
Q

refers to the multiplication of a microbe in a host where the microbe is now in competition with the hosts immune system

A

infection

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4
Q

during infection, what may occur but doesn’t always have to

A

signs and symptoms

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5
Q

if the host loses the competition with the microbe, this can lead to tissue or organ damage or dysfunction

A

disease

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6
Q

allows pathogens to adhere to tissues

A

structural virulence factor

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7
Q

what are examples of structural virulence factors

A

pili and glycocalyx

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8
Q

structural virulence factors help pathogens move from colonization to ______________

A

infection

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9
Q

what do toxins damage

A

host cells

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10
Q

what are the two types of toxins

A

endotoxins and exotoxins

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11
Q

what are the enzymes that can help pathogens resist body defenses

A

coagulase, streptokinase, and hyaluronidase

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12
Q

this enzyme induces blood clots around pathogens and helps bacteria to hide from the immune response

A

coagulase

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13
Q

this enzyme dissolves blood clots and releases the bacteria and helps bacteria spread

A

streptokinase

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14
Q

this enzyme helps to access deeper tissues in the body

A

hyaluronidase

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15
Q

detectable evidence of an infection or disease that you can see

A

signs of a disease

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16
Q

changes in body function that a patient can feel

A

symptoms of a disease

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17
Q

specific collections of signs and symptoms characteristic of a disease

A

syndromes

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18
Q

what are the stages of disease

A
  1. incubation period
  2. prodromal phase
  3. acute period
  4. decline
  5. convalescence
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19
Q

the time from contact of microbe to the first symptoms

A

incubation period

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20
Q

a time of mild signs or symptoms but no specific symptoms

A

prodromal period

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21
Q

when signs and symptoms are most intense and specific to the disease

A

acute period

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22
Q

occurs as signs and symptoms subside

A

decline

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23
Q

the body systems return to normal during this stage

A

convalescence

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24
Q

aftereffects of infection

A

sequelae

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25
Q

what are the phases to pathogen immune response

A
  1. recognition phase
  2. activation phase
  3. effector phase
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26
Q

immune cells distinguish normal body cells as self and pathogen as non self

A

recognition phase of pathogen immune response

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27
Q

the appropriate members of the immune response team are mobilized for action

A

activation phase of pathogen immune response

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28
Q

the mobilized cells and molecules called effectors attempt to eliminate the invader

A

effector phase of pathogen immune response

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29
Q

nonspecific defenses against disease

A

innate immunity

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30
Q

resistance against a specific pathogen

A

adaptive immunity

31
Q

what are the physical surface barriers

A

skin and mucous membranes

32
Q

both dry surface and sebum skin inhibit growth of a ___________

A

pathogen

33
Q

does sebum produce a high or low pH

A

low

34
Q

what type of physical surface barriers remove pathogens

A

mucous membranes

35
Q

these mucous membranes (physical surface barriers) help clear out bacteria

A

cilia

36
Q

these mucous membranes (physical surface barriers) trap the invaders

A

mucus

37
Q

what are the chemical surface barriers

A

bile, defenses, lysozyme, complement, and interferon

38
Q

what do chemical surface barriers do

A

kill the pathogen

39
Q

what is bile made up of

A

lactic acid and fatty acids

40
Q

what are the antimicrobial proteins

A

defenses, lysozyme, complement, and interferon

41
Q

these are a group of proteins produced in the liver and circulate the blood

A

complement

42
Q

what are the cellular surface barriers

A

leukocytes and tissue microbiome

43
Q

what are leukocytes

A

white blood cells

44
Q

monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils are what

A

leukocytes

45
Q

leukocytes perform ____________ and create inflammatory responses

A

phagocytosis

46
Q

what type of cells are phagocytic white blood cells

A

monocytes, dendritic cells, and neutrophils

47
Q

what do monocytes mature into

A

macrophages

48
Q

these are the first white blood cell an invader will encounter because they reside right below the skin

A

dendritic cells

49
Q

these are granulocytes and are the highest percent of white blood cells circulating

A

neutrophils

50
Q

what are the two innate immunity types

A

inflammatory response and phagocytosis

51
Q

when are cellular and molecular defenses activated

A

when surface barriers are breached

52
Q

bacteria gave an ______________ that macrophages can detect in our body as foreign as well as peptidoglycan

A

endotoxin

53
Q

a mechanism to clear microbes from infected tissues

A

pathocytosis

54
Q

the capture and digestion of foreign particles

A

phagocytosis

55
Q

who performs phagocytosis

A

macrophages/monocytes, neutrophils, and dendritic cells

56
Q

what are the four steps of phagocytosis

A
  1. attachment
  2. ingestion
  3. digestion
  4. egestion
57
Q

what step of phagocytosis is the receptor recognized

A

attachment

58
Q

what step of phagocytosis does the phagosome engulf the bacterial

A

ingestion

59
Q

what step of phagocytosis does the fusion of lysosomes with phagosome and bacterial cell is killed through the activity of lysosomal enzymes and other toxic products occur in

A

digestion

60
Q

when are the bacterial debris eliminated, bacterial cell is recycled, and the microbial fragments are placed on membrane receptor proteins

A

egestion

61
Q

what initiates phagocytosis and secretes cytokines

A

macrophages

62
Q

these releases histamine

A

mast cells

63
Q

this prevents the spread of a pathogen

A

fibrin

64
Q

when capillary cell walls dilate, what happens

A

edema, heat, redness, and pain

65
Q

what attracts phagocytes to the site of injury

A

chemokine

66
Q

cytokines produced by some leukocytes and fragments from pathogens

A

pyrogens

67
Q

what affects the hypothalamus

A

pyrogens

68
Q

what temperature do pathogens prefer

A

normal body temp

69
Q

a series of 30 proteins that are produced in the liver and circulate in the bloodstream and tissues

A

complement

70
Q

what happens when complements are activated

A

set off a massive cascade reaction

71
Q

puts cells in an antiviral state that gives cells protection and doesn’t allow other cells that are not antiviral to reproduce

A

interferons

72
Q

what produces interferons

A

viral infected cells

73
Q

what happens when interferons alert neighboring cells to infection

A
  1. macrophage activation
  2. production of antiviral proteins to interfere with RNA viral reproduction
  3. helps to prevent the infection from spreading

Semester 2 Microbiology (15 decks)

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