Test #3 Tumors lecture 2

Question 1

When cancers/tumors grow and metastasize what do they do to organs?

Answer 1

-Compromise organs

Question 2

What is Cushings syndrome?

Answer 2

• Hypercortisolism

- ACTH

Question 3

Paraneoplastic syndrome develop in what percent of malignancies?

Answer 3

10%

Question 4

Paraneoplastic syndrome can have a variety of expressions due to the type of tissue involved, what are some examples of paraneoplastic syndromes?

Answer 4

• Hyper cortisolism
• Carcinoid syndrome
• Polycythemia
• Many rare syndromes

Question 5

What is Carcinoid syndrome?

Answer 5

• Flushing
• Diarrhea
• Asthma

Question 6

What must a tumor do to survive?

Answer 6

• Develop signal to proliferate
• Avoid apoptosis
• Invade
• Metastasize
• Induce angiogenesis
• Mutation of antitumor factors

Question 7

What are some angiogenic factors released from tumors to survive?

Answer 7

• VEGF (Vascular endothelial growth factor)

- bFGF (basic fibroblast growth factor) - causes a fibrotic structure in the tumor

Question 8

What is the most common tumor suppressor gene to undergo mutation in a malignancy?

Answer 8

-p53

Question 9

p53 is lost or mutated in what percent of malignancies?

Answer 9

50%

Question 10

What does p53 do?

Answer 10

-Sense sick cells or abnormal DNA and induce apoptosis if beyond repair

Question 11

What is Li-Farumeni syndrome?

Answer 11

• Inherited genetic cancer disorder that greatly increases risk of developing multiple cancers
• related to p53 mutation

Question 12

What stimulates precancerous colon polyps that mutate into colon cancers?

Answer 12

-adenomatous polyposis coli (APC)

Question 13

What is used for grading and staging of tumors/cancers?

Answer 13

-TNM

Question 14

What is the T used for grading and staging?

Answer 14

-Size and extend of the primary tumor

Question 15

What is the N used for in grading and staging?

Answer 15

-Presence of number of lymph node metastases

Question 16

What is the M used for in grading and staging?

Answer 16

-Presence of distant metastases

Question 17

What is Stage I in breast cancer?

Answer 17

-Small primary tumors

Question 18

What is Stage II in breast cancer?

Answer 18

-Positive node

Question 19

What is stage III and IV in breast cancers?

Answer 19

-Major threat

Question 20

What do you use for therapeutic classifications in tumors?

Answer 20

• Presence of hormone receptors

- Her-2/Ne4 (human epidermal growth factor) for breast cancer

Question 21

What are some biopsy methods to help with assessment of tumors?

Answer 21

• Needle biopsy
• Fine needle aspirates
• these are usually accurate

Question 22

What clinical lab diagnoses are used to assess tumors?

Answer 22

• PSA (prostate specific antigen)
• Thyroglobulin protein (recurrent thyroid cancer)
• flow cytometry for leukemias and lymphomas

Question 23

___ is used to grow tumor cells and examine cellular histology and abnormalities

Answer 23

-cytogenetics

Question 24

When doing radiation therapy what are some guidelines to use?

Answer 24

-Maximize exposure of tumor and minimize exposure of normal tissue

Question 25

T/F Most chemotherapies interfere with DNA replication or function which is necessary for cell proliferation

Answer 25

True

Question 26

T/F Chemotherapy kills slow growing cells

Answer 26

False

-Fast growing cells

Question 27

What cells are damaged most by chemotherapy?

Answer 27

-Rapidly proliferating cells

Question 28

T or F: you can get very localized treatment with chemotherapy

Answer 28

false

chemotherapy treats the whole body

Question 29

T or F: tumors can develop resistance to chemotherapy

Answer 29

true

Question 30

what are 3 options for the treatment of cancer?

Answer 30

• surgical removal
• radiation therapy
• chemotherapy
• can be a combination of the above