test 4 10, 11 & 12 Flashcards
(193 cards)
1
Q
People who score high in __________ are characterized as outgoing, sociable, upbeat, friendly, and assertive.
A. neuroticism
B. extraversion
C. conscientiousness
D. openness to experience
A
B. extraversion
2
Q
The greatest inconsistency between who a person is and the impression he or she creates is likely to be found in a
A. sensation seeker
B. high self-monitor
C. self-actualizer
D. person with a realistic self-concept
A
B. high self-monitor
3
Q
Which of the following is not one of the levels of awareness proposed by Freud?
A. conscious
B. unconscious
C. preconscious
D. collective unconscious
A
D. collective unconscious
4
Q
Which of the following is not a common criticism of psychodynamic theories of personality?
A. lack of testability
B. sex bias against women
C. inadequate supportive evidence
D. over-emphasis on the importance of early childhood experiences
A
D. over-emphasis on the importance of early childhood experiences
5
Q
Animals that have lesions in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus
A. go for days without sleep
B. lose all interest in sex
C. overeat and become obese
D. ignore food and often starve
A
C. overeat and become obese
6
Q
Who developed a stage theory of moral development?
A. Piaget
B. Kohlberg
C. Gould
D. Bowlby
A
B. Kohlberg
7
Q
Candice has just joined a sorority as a means of bolstering her self-esteem. Her behaviour reflects the use of __________ as a defence mechanism.
A. identification
B. immersion
C. regression
D. projection
A
A. identification
8
Q
The basic idea behind the set-point theory of body weight is that
A. the body monitors fat stores and tries to keep them stable
B. the body monitors carbohydrate stores and tries to keep them stable
C. the body monitors protein levels and tries to keep them stable
D. glucostats are critical in weight control
A
A. the body monitors fat stores and tries to keep them stable
9
Q
When Teresa’s mother hides her favourite doll under a blanket, Teresa acts as if it no longer exists, and she makes no attempt to look for it. Based on this information, you can infer that Teresa is in Piaget’s
A. sensorimotor period of cognitive development
B. formal period of cognitive development
C. concrete period of cognitive development
D. preoperational period of cognitive development
A
A. sensorimotor period of cognitive development
10
Q
As Danica saw the headlights coming directly at her through the fog on the highway her blood pressure rose quickly, and she felt her heart start to race. These reactions are part of the
A. behavioral component in Danica’s emotional experience
B. objective component in Danica’s emotional experience
C. cognitive component in Danica’s emotional experience
D. physiological component in Danica’s emotional experience
A
D. physiological component in Danica’s emotional experience
11
Q
Mr. and Mrs. McKavick have 3 school-age children. Their next-door neighbours, Mr. and Mrs. Clancy have 3 grandchildren who are about the same age as the McKavick’s children. At the present time, based on research into marital satisfaction across the family life cycle, it is most likely that
A. the McKavicks are experiencing higher levels of marital satisfaction than the Clancys are
B. both couples are experiencing high levels of satisfaction in their respective marriages
C. both couples are experiencing low levels of satisfaction in their respective marriages
D. the Clancys are experiencing higher levels of marital satisfaction than the McKavicks are
A
D. the Clancys are experiencing higher levels of marital satisfaction than the McKavicks are
12
Q
Alfred Kinsey argued that homosexuality and heterosexuality are
A. end points on a “sexual orientation” continuum
B. orientations based on early learning
C. orientations that are a function of genetics
D. value judgments and should be of little concern to scientists
A
A. end points on a “sexual orientation” continuum
13
Q
Maria is pursuing a highly competitive career, working very hard and persistently at her tasks. Maria’s behaviour most likely reflects
A. an external locus of control
B. a high achievement motivation
C. a high power need
D. an obsessive-compulsive personality structure
A
B. a high achievement motivation
14
Q
Which of the following is not one of the key processes that researchers believe to be involved in gender-role socialization?
A. observational learning
B. self-socialization
C. operant conditioning
D. classical conditioning
A
D. classical conditioning
15
Q
According to set-point theory, the body monitors the
A. level of fat stores in the body to keep it fairly constant
B. level of glucose in the bloodstream
C. basal metabolic rate to keep it constant
D. activity of the hypothalamus
A
A. level of fat stores in the body to keep it fairly constant
16
Q
Unconscious fixations and unresolved conflicts are to Sigmund Freud’s theory of personality as __________ is/are to B. F. Skinner’s theory.
A. faulty learning
B. genetic vulnerability
C. incongruence between self and actual experience
D. innate chemical imbalances in the brain
A
A. faulty learning
17
Q
A person who is moody, shy, pessimistic, and distressed is likely to score high on which of the following clinical scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)?
A. hysteria
B. paranoia
C. depression
D. “social introversion”
A
C. depression
18
Q
Conventional thinking in moral development bases morality (right or wrong) on
A. the risk of punishment
B. society’s laws
C. personal principles
D. the potential rewards
A
B. society’s laws
19
Q
The “Coolidge effect” refers to which of the following?
A. the fact that men have a stronger sex drive than women
B. the tendency for women to be selective in their attraction to sexual partners
C. the preference for variety in sexual partners that is seen in males of many species
D. the notion that powerful men are likely to have a large number of sexual partners
A
C. the preference for variety in sexual partners that is seen in males of many species
20
Q
Which of the following techniques is most likely to be used to identify links between specific genes and specific traits?
A. twin studies
B. genetic mapping
C. magnetic resonance imaging
D. PET scans
A
B. genetic mapping
21
Q
A non sequitur is basically
A. a weak analogy
B. a false dichotomy
C. an irrelevant reason
D. a circular argument
A
C. an irrelevant reason
22
Q
During which stage of development do the heart, spine, and brain emerge?
A. post-natal
B. placental
C. fetal
D. embryonic
A
D. embryonic
23
Q
Recent evidence that has investigated the stress and turmoil sometimes associated with adolescence suggests that
A. stress and turmoil during adolescence is a universal phenomenon
B. very few adolescents actually experience any stress or turmoil
C. adolescence is more stressful for those raised in traditional, preindustrial cultures
D. storm and stress is more likely during adolescence than at other ages
A
D. storm and stress is more likely during adolescence than at other ages
24
Q
One of the major points Mischel makes about personality is that
A. people behave more consistently across situations than we have thought
B. many personal traits are genetically determined
C. the idea of traits is fundamental to understanding personality
D. people are much less consistent across situations than most theorists have assumed
A
D. people are much less consistent across situations than most theorists have assumed
25
Sexual motivation appears to be
A. mostly biological
B. mostly psychological
C. a mixture of biological and psychological factors
D. almost totally unexplainable
C. a mixture of biological and psychological factors
26
Of the countries listed below, which country has the highest infant mortality rate?
A. Singapore
B. Hong Kong
C. United States
D. Ireland
C. United States
27
Mikaela is a quiet infant who doesn't seem to smile a lot, but who also seldom cries. She seems cautious and wary of changes in her surroundings, but eventually she adapts to the change. Using the temperament categories outlined by Thomas and Chess, Mikaela would most likely be considered to have
A. a difficult temperament
B. a slow-to-warm-up temperament
C. an easy temperament
D. an uninhibited temperament
B. a slow-to-warm-up temperament
28
Stage theories of development assume that
A. individuals progress through specified stages in a particular order because each stage builds on the previous stage
B. environmental circumstances can sometimes cause individuals to skip stages early on and return to them later
C. progress through the sequence of stages is not related to age
D. there are few, if any, discontinuities in development
A. individuals progress through specified stages in a particular order because each stage builds on the previous stage
29
Your needs for social status and for respect and recognition from others reflect the __________ needs in Maslow's hierarchy.
A. cognitive
B. esteem
C. aesthetic
D. love and belongingness
B. esteem
30
Dylan is on a roller coaster that has just reached the top of the first climb and is starting to drop. Based on the James-Lange theory of emotions, Dylan should report
A. "My racing heart must mean I'm terrified because everyone else is screaming."
B. "I feel terrified because my heart is racing."
C. "My heart is racing because I am terrified."
D. "The sight of the drop makes my heart race and it makes me feel terrified."
B. "I feel terrified because my heart is racing."
31
For which of the following is the world essentially a stage on which one must act?
A. the sensation seeker
B. the person with an internal locus of control
C. the person high in self-monitoring
D. the self-actualizing person
C. the person high in self-monitoring
32
Which of the following terms is most likely to be used by a homosexual woman to describe her sexual orientation?
A. gay
B. lesbian
C. bisexual
D. straight
B. lesbian
33
The recent discover of a previously undetected hormone, called __________, has shed new light on the hormonal regulation of hunger.
A. leptin
B. glucotin
C. norepinephrine
D. neuropeptide Y
A. leptin
34
Which of the following best describes the refractory period?
A. the time between orgasms in multiorgasmic women
B. a time following female orgasm during which females are largely unresponsive to further stimulation
C. a time following male orgasm during which males are largely unresponsive to further stimulation
D. the time between initiation of intercourse and orgasm
C. a time following male orgasm during which males are largely unresponsive to further stimulation
35
Which of the following is not one of the "big five" personality traits?
A. neuroticism
B. extraversion
C. locus of control
D. openness to experience
C. locus of control
36
Relative to older age groups, adolescents
A. complete suicide more often
B. complete suicide just as often
C. attempt suicide more often
D. attempt suicide less often
C. attempt suicide more often
37
In explaining behavior, social learning theorist Walter Mischel is most interested in the influence of
A. personality traits
B. unconscious forces
C. the situation
D. instincts
C. the situation
38
The psychodynamic theories of personality have been criticized for which of the following?
A. sexism
B. lack of testability
C. inadequate supportive evidence
D. all of these reasons
D. all of these reasons
39
Which of the following statements related to Cannon's findings on hunger is true?
A. There is a correlation between stomach contractions and feelings of hunger.
B. People whose stomach has been surgically removed still experience hunger.
C. Stomach contractions do not cause hunger.
D. All of these statements are true
D. All of these statements are true
40
Which of the following statement regarding the need for achievement is the most accurate?
A. The need for achievement is highly variable in a given person throughout his/her lifetime.
B. Achievement motive is generally determined by situational factors.
C. The need for achievement is a fairly stable aspect of one's personality.
D. There is a strong genetic component in the need for achievement.
C. The need for achievement is a fairly stable aspect of one's personality.
41
The set point for body weight refers to the
A. lowest possible weight at which the person can survive
B. highest weight the person can attain by unrestricted eating
C. person's current weight
D. person's natural point of stability in body weight
D. person's natural point of stability in body weight
42
Pierre is telling you about a case study that he read for his Cultural Geography class. It focused on a country which, for the past 30 years, has experienced high levels of civil unrest, severe drought, and famine. Based on Belsky's research into the evolutionary aspects of attachment, you might expect that in this country you would find
A. a high number of insecure attachments in the children and relatively unstable romantic relations in the adults
B. a high number of insecure attachments in the children but relatively stable romantic relations in the adults
C. a high number of secure attachments in the children but relatively unstable romantic relations in the adults
D. a high number of secure attachments in the children and relatively stable romantic relations in the adults
D. a high number of secure attachments in the children and relatively stable romantic relations in the adults
43
A child is shown a candy box. When asked what he thinks is in it, he says, "Candy." He is then shown that the candy box in fact contains crayons. He is then asked what he thinks another child will say when confronted with the same closed box. He says that he thinks the next child will say, "Crayons." What would be the best guess about the age of the child?
A. 3 years
B. 5 years
C. 6 years
D. 7 years
A. 3 years
44
Research on rape has found that about __________ percent of rapes are committed by someone who is known by the victim.
A. 20
B. 40
C. 60
D. 90
D. 90
45
Imagine a neighborhood in which a hurricane has caused extensive flooding. Many of the residents have had their homes damaged or destroyed. At the time, however, the material loss is unimportant as the residents think only of escaping the flood. Maslow would say this is because the residents' __________ needs are threatened.
A. physiological
B. safety and security
C. esteem
D. self-actualization
B. safety and security
46
Thomas and Chess refer to a child who tends to be glum, erratic in sleep and eating, and resistant to change as
A. an easy child
B. a slow-to-warm-up child
C. a mixed temperament child
D. a difficult child
D. a difficult child
47
As an adult, going back to an earlier way of gratifying needs defines
A. repression
B. fixation
C. regression
D. reaction formation
C. regression
48
Of the countries listed below, which country has the lowest infant mortality rate?
A. Sweden
B. Great Britain
C. United States
D. Canada
A. Sweden
49
Malcolm is reading a mystery novel, and as the action builds he finds he is breathing more quickly than usual, and he feels like his stomach is tied in knots. These reactions are part of the
A. objective component in Malcolm's emotional experience
B. physiological component in Malcolm's emotional experience
C. cognitive component in Malcolm's emotional experience
D. behavioral component in Malcolm's emotional experience
B. physiological component in Malcolm's emotional experience
50
A person who is suspicious, aloof, guarded, worrisome, and overly sensitive is likely to score high on which of the following clinical scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)?
A. hysteria
B. paranoia
C. depression
D. social introversion
B. paranoia
51
According to Freud, the unconscious can reveal itself through
A. dreams
B. slips of the tongue
C. psychoanalysis
D. all of the above
D. all of the above
52
Imagine that an individual has taken medication that has lowered his or her overall level of autonomic arousal. If this person reports less intense emotional experiences it would provide some support for
A. the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
B. the common-sense view of emotion
C. the facial feedback hypothesis
D. the James-Lange theory of emotion
D. the James-Lange theory of emotion
53
Reasons that take support away from a conclusion are called
A. fallacies
B. premises
C. assumptions
D. counterarguments
D. counterarguments
54
For children in which Piagetian stage might we be correct with the old expression "Out of sight is out of mind"?
A. concrete operational
B. preoperational
C. sensorimotor
D. formal operations
C. sensorimotor
55
Research on the heritability of personality shows that __________ appears to have a surprisingly small impact on personality.
A. shared family environment
B. heredity
C. unique experiences
D. unconscious motivation
A. shared family environment
56
The hierarchy of traits is to Maslow's theory of personality as __________ is/are to Freud's theory.
A. the self-concept
B. the id, ego, and superego
C. the inferiority complex
D. reward and punishment
B. the id, ego, and superego
57
The embryonic stage of prenatal development refers to
A. the formation of a zygote
B. the implantation of the fertilized egg into the uterine wall
C. the second through eighth weeks of prenatal development
D. the last seven months of the pregnancy
C. the second through eighth weeks of prenatal development
58
One recent trend in marriage in this country is
A. for marriage to occur at younger ages
B. for most first marriages to occur in the "teen" years
C. to increasingly postpone marriage into the late 20s or beyond
D. to remain single throughout life
C. to increasingly postpone marriage into the late 20s or beyond
59
Gender roles tend to be
A. based on biological capabilities
B. a natural outgrowth of biological gender differences
C. based on society's prescriptions of what is proper for each sex
D. biology first and social prescription second
C. based on society's prescriptions of what is proper for each sex
60
In the 1960s, even though all her friends tried recreational drugs, Maggie refused to experiment with drugs because she was afraid she would get caught and end up in jail. Maggie's reasons for not experimenting with drugs reflect
A. conventional moral reasoning
B. postconventional moral reasoning
C. preconventional moral reasoning
D. authoritarian moral reasoning
C. preconventional moral reasoning
61
A number of studies have found a link between a gene for a particular type of dopamine receptor and which of the following traits?
A. neuroticism
B. extraversion
C. novelty seeking
D. conscientiousness
C. novelty seeking
62
The stage of prenatal development during which most miscarriages are likely to occur is the
A. zygotic stage
B. germinal stage
C. fetal stage
D. embryonic stage
D. embryonic stage
63
Concern that one's intimate partner might be tempted to spice up his or her sex life by looking for greener pastures reflects most people's intuitive belief in the validity
A. of monogamy
B. of marriage counseling
C. of the Coolidge effect
D. of Freud's pessimistic view of human nature
C. of the Coolidge effect
64
Identity foreclosure suggests that the person is committed to goals he or she
A. simply took over from others
B. arrived at independently
C. believes are apt to last only a short time
D. arrived at after a long period of decision making
A. simply took over from others
65
The theoretical orientation that argues that psychology should study only observable behavior is
A. rational-emotive
B. behaviorism
C. humanism
D. invasive
B. behaviorism
66
Which of the following individuals is most likely to be good at spotting deceptive impression management in other people?
A. the sensation seeker
B. the high self-monitor
C. the low self-monitor
D. the self-actualized person
B. the high self-monitor
67
Yesterday little Louis saw his brother climb a tree. Today Louis tried it and fell to the ground, hurting himself. But his mother nevertheless praised him for being a brave boy. Which of the following influences on gender-role socialization are at work here?
A. self-socialization and punishment
B. self-socialization and extinction
C. observational learning and reinforcement
D. operant conditioning and classical conditioning
C. observational learning and reinforcement
68
Trey's older sister is playing a game with him. She hides the ball they are playing with behind her back, and Trey quickly loses interest in the game. He makes no attempt to look for the ball, and instead picks up another toy that is close by. This suggests that Trey has not yet developed
A. the ability to assimilate new experiences
B. an understanding of object permanence
C. a strong attachment to his sister
D. sensorimotor patterns of responding
B. an understanding of object permanence
69
Which of the following theories of personality was developed from laboratory experiments, primarily with animals?
A. Sigmund Freud's theory of psychoanalysis
B. B. F. Skinner's behavioral view
C. Carl Rogers' humanistic view
D. Han Eysenck's biological theory
B. B. F. Skinner's behavioral view
70
Victoria is extremely upset because she has been falsely accused of stealing money from her employer. Her lawyer has suggested that Victoria take a polygraph test to prove her innocence. She asks you whether she should agree to the test. Based on the research into the accuracy of polygraphs, you should tell Victoria that polygraphs
A. are extremely accurate, and if Victoria is truly innocent she will pass with no problem
B. are inaccurate 25% to 33% of the time
C. sometimes wrongly indicate that innocent people are guilty, but are 100% accurate in detecting guilt
D. sometimes wrongly indicate that guilty people are innocent, but are 100% accurate in detecting innocence
B. are inaccurate 25% to 33% of the time
71
Your needs to learn all you can about philosophy, and understand the inner workings of our political system are examples of __________ needs
A. aesthetic
B. esteem
C. cognitive
D. self-actualization
C. cognitive
72
Wanda is very quiet around people in authority, but she can be loud and boisterous among her peers. Which of the following theorists would explain the difference in Wanda's behavior in terms of situational factors?
A. Carl Rogers
B. Walter Mischel
C. Alfred Adler
D. Sigmund Freud
B. Walter Mischel
73
People who score high in __________ tend to be anxious, hostile, self-conscious, insecure, and vulnerable.
A. neuroticism
B. extraversion
C. conscientiousness
D. openness to experience
A. neuroticism
74
Which of the following statements regarding fat cells and weight loss is accurate?
A. Weight loss reduces the average size of fat cells.
B. Weight loss reduces the number of fat cells.
C. Weight loss will reduce the number of fat cells, but only with regular exercise.
D. Recent studies indicate that there is virtually no relationship between weight loss and fat cells.
A. Weight loss reduces the average size of fat cells.
75
Ruby is an active infant who appears to be somewhat high-strung, and who protests loudly every time her parents try to change her routine in any way. Using the temperament categories outlined by Thomas and Chess, Ruby would most likely be considered to have
A. an easy temperament
B. a slow-to-warm-up temperament
C. a difficult temperament
D. an uninhibited temperament
C. a difficult temperament
76
Studies by evolutionary theorists of which of the following topics have drawn the most attention?
A. hunger
B. aggression
C. territoriality
D. sexual behavior
D. sexual behavior
77
A person who is social, outgoing, impulsive, overly energetic, and in some cases amoral is likely to score high on which of the following clinical scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)?
A. hysteria
B. paranoia
C. hypomania
D. social introversion
C. hypomania
78
A person high in achievement motivation would be expected to show all but which of the following characteristics?
A. greater persistence on tasks
B. tendency to seek immediate gratification
C. tendency to choose competitive occupations
D. tendency to choose tasks of intermediate difficulty
B. tendency to seek immediate gratification
79
The statement, "We need to control cyberporn because it currently is unregulated," is an example of which of the following?
A. weak analogy
B. false dichotomy
C. irrelevant reason
D. circular argument
D. circular argument
80
A laboratory rat has had part of its hypothalamus destroyed by lesioning. The rat doesn't seem to know when to stop eating, and has ballooned to several times its normal size. In this case, it would appear that portions of the
A. ventromedial hypothalamus have been destroyed
B. lateral hypothalamus have been destroyed
C. parvocellular hypothalamus have been destroyed
D. magnocellular hypothalamus have been destroyed
A. ventromedial hypothalamus have been destroyed
81
Recent studies have detected some subtle differences in the patterns of autonomic arousal that accompany basic emotions such as happiness, anger and fear. The results from these studies lend some support to
A. the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
B. Izard's evolutionary theory of emotion
C. the James-Lange theory of emotion
D. Schachter's two-factor theory of emotion
C. the James-Lange theory of emotion
82
Erik Erikson's developmental stages are organized around potential turning points called
A. fixation points
B. psychosocial crises
C. developmental tasks
D. psychosexual crises
B. psychosocial crises
83
The need to associate with others and maintain social bonds is referred to as the __________ motive.
A. competence
B. sociological
C. psychosocial
D. affiliation
D. affiliation
84
Of the factors that may shape development prior to birth, which is the least understood?
A. excessive alcohol use
B. rubella (German measles)
C. fluctuations in maternal emotions
D. tobacco use
C. fluctuations in maternal emotions
85
In the 1960s, even though most his friends tried recreational drugs, Sebastian refused to experiment with drugs. He did not think the drugs were likely to be harmful, but using the drugs was illegal and he believes each person has a moral obligation to obey society's rules. Sebastian's reasons for not experimenting with drugs reflect
A. preconventional moral reasoning
B. conventional moral reasoning
C. postconventional moral reasoning
D. social moral reasoning
B. conventional moral reasoning
86
According to Freud's theory, repressed sexual desires are most likely to be found in which level of awareness?
A. conscious
B. unconscious
C. preconscious
D. collective unconscious
B. unconscious
87
Parents overwhelmingly rate __________ as the most difficult stage of child rearing.
A. infancy
B. early childhood
C. middle childhood
D. adolescence
D. adolescence
88
Scott has just been reprimanded by his supervisor. Later on, Scott begins to "stomp around" and throws a tantrum in front of his co-workers. Scott's behavior exemplifies which of the following?
A. a fixation
B. projection
C. regression
D. rationalization
C. regression
89
Which of the following factors tends to be accompanied by a drop in ratings of marital satisfaction?
A. childlessness during early married life
B. the birth of the first child
C. the first child's departure for college
D. when the last child leaves home
B. the birth of the first child
90
Recent studies suggest that about __________ percent of the population could reasonably be characterized as homosexual.
A. 1
B. 5-8
C. 15-20
D. 30-35
B. 5-8
91
People who score high in __________ tend to be sympathetic, trusting, cooperative, and modest.
A. neuroticism
B. extraversion
C. conscientiousness
D. agreeableness
C. conscientiousness
92
The cephalocaudal trend in physical development suggests that infants will be able to control their
A. hips and legs before they can control their shoulders and arms
B. shoulders and arms before they can control their hands and fingers
C. hands and fingers before they can control their shoulders and arms
D. shoulders and arms before they can control their hips and legs
D. shoulders and arms before they can control their hips and legs
93
The statement, "If marijuana is legalized, then the next thing you know heroin will be legal," is an example of which of the following?
A. weak analogy
B. slippery slope
C. irrelevant reason
D. circular argument
C. irrelevant reason
94
Set-point theorists propose that people's set point depends on
A. their bone structure
B. their activity level
C. the number of fat cells they possess
D. their current body weight
A. their bone structure
95
__________ consists of feelings of fear, discomfort, and aversion that some people experience in interacting with gay individuals.
A. Gay-bashing
B. Homophobia
C. Homosexuality
D. Homogeneity
B. Homophobia
96
Walter Cannon criticized the James-Lange theory by pointing out
A. that physiological arousal may occur in the absence of emotion
B. that physiological changes are too slow to be the source of conscious emotion
C. that very different emotions are accompanied by highly similar patterns of physiological arousal
D. all of these things
B. that physiological changes are too slow to be the source of conscious emotion
97
A person who is shy, withdrawn, reserved, submissive, tense, and inflexible is likely to score high on which of the following clinical scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)?
A. hysteria
B. paranoia
C. depression
D. social introversion
C. depression
98
The fact that we tend to behave differently in different situations has led Walter Mischel to contend that behavior tends to be
A. situationally specific
B. situationally consistent
C. reliable
D. "situationally similar"
B. situationally consistent
99
Chelsey is pregnant and she is concerned about taking an over-the-counter medication for her allergies. She should be most concerned if her pregnancy is currently at the
A. placental stage
B. germinal stage
C. fetal stage
D. embryonic stage
B. germinal stage
100
Walter and Camille have been an "empty nest" couple since their youngest son left for college last year. Now that they are alone, it is likely that Walter and Camille will find
A. their marital satisfaction will drop considerably
B. the transition to being a "childless" couple will be stressful and depressing
C. their marital satisfaction will start to increase
D. they spend less time together than they did when the children were home
B. the transition to being a "childless" couple will be stressful and depressing
101
Which of the following approaches to explaining the origins of homosexuality has received the most empirical support?
A. biological
B. psychoanalytic
C. operant conditioning
D. classical conditioning
C. operant conditioning
102
If you join your friends in a protest against nuclear power primarily because you want their approval rather than because of any strong conviction you have about nuclear power, you would be said to be at which of the following levels of moral development?
A. unconventional
B. conventional
C. preconventional
D. postconventional
B. conventional
103
Both of Karlee's parents are teachers, and two of her uncles are teachers. For as long as she can remember, she has wanted to be a school teacher, just like these role models. According to James Marcia, Karlee would be considered to be in a state of
A. identity diffusion
B. moratorium
C. foreclosure
D. identity postponement
A. identity diffusion
104
A key concept in Freudian theory is
A. conflict
B. self-actualization
C. reinforcement
D. personal growth
A. conflict
105
A child who successfully completes stage 1 of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development will acquire
A. an ability to initiate one's own activities
B. self-sufficiency
C. a sense of competence
D. optimism and trust toward the world
C. a sense of competence
106
The __________ component of an emotion consists of the "body language" used to express the emotion.
A. affective
B. cognitive
C. physiological
D. behavioral
D. behavioral
107
Which of the following needs is not generally considered a component of the affiliation motive?
A. friendship
B. esteem
C. love
D. companionship
C. love
108
Which of the following involves being impulsive, exploratory, excitable, and extravagant?
A. neuroticism
B. extraversion
C. agreeableness
D. novelty seeking
B. extraversion
109
Research in the behavioral tradition has focused largely on which of the following?
A. learning
B. personality
C. social behavior
D. sensation and perception
D. sensation and perception
110
What need was Abraham Maslow expressing when he said that "what a man can be, he must be"?
A. the need for superiority
B. the need for unconditional love
C. the need to self-actualize
D. the need to achieve
A. the need for superiority
111
Psychologists who take an evolutionary view argue that natural selection favors behaviors that maximize an individual's
A. self-actualization
B. acquisition of territory
C. reproductive success
D. material wealth
C. reproductive success
112
Females exposed to high levels of androgen during prenatal development tend to show
A. more male-typical behavior than other females
B. more stereotypic female behavior than other females
C. less cerebral specialization than other females
D. a larger corpus collosum than other females
B. more stereotypic female behavior than other females
113
Timmy believes he can avoid getting any older by not having any more birthday parties. Timmy is probably in which stage of cognitive development?
A. sensorimotor
B. concrete operational
C. preoperational
D. formal operational
D. formal operational
114
Gina is good at presenting herself to a group of persons, is able to detect if someone is trying to manipulate her, and has a difficult time making a genuine emotional commitment. Gina is most likely to be classified as
A. an introvert
B. an extravert
C. high in introspection
D. a high self-monitor
C. high in introspection
115
Dr. McCardle has implanted an electrode in the hypothalamus of a rat. When the rat's brain is electrically stimulated the rat stops eating. The electrode is most likely activating the
A. magnocellular hypothalamus
B. ventromedial hypothalamus
C. lateral hypothalamus
D. parvocellular hypothalamus
B. ventromedial hypothalamus
116
According to cognitive theories of gender-role development, self-socialization includes
A. being reinforced for gender-appropriate behaviors
B. valuing characteristics associated with the opposite gender
C. learning to classify oneself as male or female
D. responding to praise from parents, teachers and peers
B. valuing characteristics associated with the opposite gender
117
Given a high level of achievement motivation, which type task should maximize one's sense of accomplishment?
A. a very difficult task
B. an intermediate difficulty task
C. a very easy task
D. task difficulty doesn't matter
D. task difficulty doesn't matter
118
According to Kagan and colleagues, infants who are shy, timid, and wary of unfamiliar persons are said to exhibit
A. an uninhibited temperament
B. a slow-to-warm-up temperament
C. mixed temperaments
D. inhibited temperament
C. mixed temperaments
119
Which of the following theories of personality was developed from data collected from family, twin, and adoption studies?
A. Sigmund Freud's theory of psychoanalysis
B. B. F. Skinner's behavioral view
C. Carl Rogers' humanistic view
D. Han Eysenck's biological theory
B. B. F. Skinner's behavioral view
120
At present, which of the following approaches appears to provide the most complete account for gender disparities in sexual behavior?
A. operant conditioning
B. evolutionary theory
C. social learning theory
D. sociopolitical theory
B. evolutionary theory
121
Psychodynamic Views of Personality
Freud invoked a role of unconscious processes in the control of behavior
Based on his observations of clients
Topographical model: argued for 3 levels of consciousness
Conflict occurs between the different aspects of consciousness
Requires compromise formation
Id, ego, superego
122
Freud’s Developmental Model
(human behaviour)
Human behavior is motivated by two drives
- Aggressive
- Sexual
- Libido refers to pleasure-seeking and sensuality as well as desire for intercourse
123
Freud’s Developmental Model
(libido)
Libido follows a developmental course during childhood
- Stages of development
- Fixed progression of change from stage to stage
- Notion of fixation at a particular libidinal stage
124
Freud’s Psychosexual Stages
oral: 0-18 months dependency
anal: 2-3 years orderliness, cleanliness
phallic: 4-6 years parental identification Oedipal complex, penis envy, castration complex
latency: 7-11 years sublimation of sexual and aggressive urges
genital 12+ years mature sexuality and relationships
125
Ego Defense Mechanisms
Defense mechanisms are unconscious mental processes that protect the conscious person from anxiety
- Repression: anxiety-evoking thoughts are kept unconscious
- Denial: person refuses to recognize reality
- Projection: person attributes their own unacceptable impulses to others
- Reaction Formation: person converts an unacceptable impulse into the opposite impulse
- Sublimation: person converts an unacceptable impulse into a socially acceptable activity
- Rationalization: person explains away their actions to reduce anxiety
- Displacement: diverting emotional feelings from their original source to a substitute target
126
Projective Tests
- Projective tests assume that persons presented with a vague stimulus will “project” their own impulses and desires into a description of the stimulus
- Rorschach Inkblots
- Thematic Apperception Test
127
Other Psychoanalytic TheoristsJung’s
Jung’s Analytical Psychology
Adler’s Individual Psychology
Anna Freud
Erik Erikson
Harry Sullivan
128
Evaluation of Freud’s Contributions to Personality Theory
(contributions)
Emphasis on unconscious processes
Identification of defense mechanisms
Importance of childhood experiences in shaping adult personality
129
Evaluation of Freud’s Contributions to Personality Theory
(limitations)
- Theories are not solidly based on scientific observation
- Excessive emphasis on drives such as sex and aggression
130
B.F. Skinner (1904-1990):
Radical Behaviorism
- scientific analysis of behavior
- personality --> a collection of behavior patterns
- black box theory
- explanatory fictions (e.g., freedom, “the self”)
131
Albert Bandura’s
Social Learning Theory
Observational (Vicarious) Learning
- people learn by merely observing what others do and what happens to them
two processes:
1. acquisition
2. acceptance/performance
- consequences are an important influence
132
Albert Ellis:
Rational Emotive Therapy (RET)
- Assumes that all humans have fundamental goals, purposes and values (e.g., stay alive, be satisfied)
- if people choose to stay alive & try to be happy/satisfied they are acting “rationally”
- when people think/emote/behave in a way that interferes with these goals, they act “irrationally”
133
Evaluation of Cognitive-Social Personality Theory
(contributions)
Provided emphasis on the role of thought and memory in personality
134
Evaluation of Cognitive-Social Personality Theory
(limitations)
- Overemphasis of rational side of personality
- Avoidance of explanations of unconscious processes in personality
135
Humanistic Personality Approaches
- Humanistic personality theorists reject the behaviorist and psychodynamic notions of personality
- Humanists emphasize the notion that each person has a potential for creative growth
- The intent is to assist the person in developing to their maximal potential
136
Roger’s Person-Centered Approach
- Rogers believed that humans are good by nature (in contrast to psychodynamic view of human nature)
- Rogers emphasized the notion of self-concept
- Each person has multiple selves:
- True-self: the core aspect of being
- False-self: the self that is created by distortions from interpersonal experiences
- Ideal-self: what the person would like to be
137
Evaluation of Humanistic Personality Theory
(contributions)
Focus on how humans strive to determine the meaning of life
138
Evaluation of Humanistic Personality Theory
(limitations)
- Humanistic approach is not a complete theoretical account of personality
- The approach has not generated a body of testable hypotheses and research
139
Trait Approach
TRAIT: Consistent patterns of thoughts, feelings, or actions that distinguish people.
- ASSUMPTION 1: traits are stable over time
- ASSUMPTION 2: traits are stable across situations
- people differ on continuous variables or dimensions
- traits exist on a continuum
- basic differences between people are quantitative
- traits are used to understand and predict behaviour
- emphasizes measurement of traits through tests
140
The Big Five Factors of Personality
- Openness to experience
- Conscientiousness
- Extroversion
- Agreeableness
- Neuroticism
OCEAN...
141
Is Psychology Really Just WEIRD Psychology?
WEIRD stands for
WEIRD stands for:
- Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic
- Research in psychology has been largely the study of WEIRD people
- This WEIRD bias continues to be evident in recent psychological research
142
Is Psychology Really Just WEIRD Psychology?
how you Think, Act, Feel
How you Think, Act, and Feel
- Are influenced by a host of factors that result in you being different in many ways from others
- A particularly interesting set of dimensions related to individual difference includes
- Gender, Sex, and Sexuality
143
How Do Psychologists Define Sex and Gender?
sex
Sex
Refers to the properties of people that determine their classification as male or female. In this section we review five physical characteristics used to classify sex, including chromosomes, gonads, hormones, genitalia, and secondary sex characteristics
144
Chromosomes
Chromosomes
- Are the packages of DNA that carry our genes
- Typically, humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, with one of each pair provided by each parent
- The 23rd pair differs across the sexes and is referred to as the sex chromosomes because the pair determines a person’s genetic sex
145
chromosomes
(females)
Both sex chromosomes are alike and are called X chromosomes because they each look like an X
146
chromosomes
(males)
Have one x and one y chromosome—the latter looks similar to an upside-down y
147
Figure 11.1 The Genetic Difference Between Females and Males
The 23rd pair
- Is shown at bottom right in each image
- To obtain pictures of chromosomes, a cell is removed from a person’s body, usually from inside the mouth, and the chromosomes are photographed under magnification
148
Pubertal Growth Spurt
- On average, the pubertal growth spurt begins and peaks about two years earlier for girls
- Girls (starts at age 9, peaks at 11½)
- Boys (starts at age 11½, peaks at 13½)
149
Gonads
Gonads
- Part of the endocrine system
- Glands that produce sex hormones
- Generate ova (eggs) in females and sperm in males—the cells used in reproduction
150
Gonads
(female)
- Female gonads are the ovaries
- Located on either side of the abdomen
151
gonads
(male)
- Male gonads are the testes
- Located in the scrotum, the pouch of skin that hangs below the penis
152
Hormones
- The hormones estrogen and progesterone are higher in females and the hormones called androgens
- The most common is testosterone - are higher in males
- In females, androgens are produced by the adrenal glands
- In males some of the androgens that are produced by the testes are converted into estrogens
153
Gender
Gender
- Refers to the social and psychological aspects of being female or male
- Goes beyond biological sex to include a person’s understanding of the meaning of being male or female
154
gender identity
is an individual’s sense of belonging to the male, female, or an alternate gender
155
gender expression
- Refers to how individuals present themselves in terms of their behaviours, interests, and appearance
- In dimensions related to gender and especially to the continuum from femininity to masculinity
156
Non-binary Person and Androgynous
(non-binary)
May identify or express their gender as both male and female or as neither
157
Non-binary Person and Androgynous
(androgynous)
- Having attributes that are typically associate with both genders
- People who are low on both dimensions are referred to as undifferentiated
158
Variances in Sexual Development?
Variances of sexual development (VSD)
- Congenital conditions in which the development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical
- “Congenital” means these conditions are present from birth
- An infant with a VSD might have genitals that are not typical, or their genitals may appear to be female or male when the child’s genes indicate the opposite sex
159
Genetic Sex and Gender Conflict
(transgender)
- Refers to experiencing one’s psychological gender as different from one’s biological or “natal” (meaning “at birth”) sex
- Transgender individuals can be genetically and anatomically males (or females) who identify as females (or males)
- Caitlyn Jenner was lauded for her courage in coming out as transgender
160
Transgender Experience
(gender dysphoria)
Refers to a person’s discomfort with their natal gender
161
transgender experience
(transitions for transgender)
- Individuals involves gradual stages that move from reversible treatments to permanent ones
- Gender affirming surgery
- Sex reassignment surgery
162
Theories of Gender Development
(biological approaches to gender development)
Biological Approaches to Gender Development
Behavioural differences in newborns and infants
163
Theories of Gender Development
(evolutionary psychology explian gender differences)
- Evolutionary Psychology Explain Gender Differences
- Sexual selection
- Male and female members of a species differ from each other because of differences in competition and choice
- Competition
- Occurs among members of the same sex as they vie for the opportunity to mate with members of the opposite sex
164
Social Cognitive Accounts
Experience influences sense of gender
Socialization (rewards, punishments, modeling)
165
social cognitive accounts
(gender-nonconforming behaviour)
Gender schema (mental framework)
166
Developmental Changes in Percentage of Time Spent in Same-Sex and Mixed-Group Settings
- Observations of children show that they are more likely to play in same-sex groups than mixed groups
- This tendency increases between 4 and 6 years of age
167
Social Role Theory
(social role theory & gender stereotypes)
Social Role Theory
- Division of labour
- Natural differences become expected/valued differences
Gender stereotypes
- Overly general beliefs and expectations about what women and men are like
168
Do the Genders Differ in Terms of Emotion, Empathy, and Helpfulness?
- Empathy and Helping
- Cognitive Differences
- Verbal performance (female advantage)
- Visuospatial ability (male advantage)
- Gender stereotypes
169
Genders and Levels of Aggression
(differences in aggression)
Differences in Aggression
- Overt aggression (physical/verbal harm)
- Males more than females
- Relational aggression (harm social standing)
- Females more than males
170
Gender Differences in Sexuality
Differences in Sexuality
- Females more selective in regard to casual sex
- Males masturbate more, view pornography more, engage in more casual sex
- Women more likely to engage in bisexuality or be aroused by bisexual stimuli
Explanations
- Biological - genetic/hormonal differences
- Evolutionary - sexual selection
- Social cognitive - learned behaviour
- Social role - culturally constructed
171
Sexual Orientation
(sexual orientation, orientations, two spirit)
Sexual Orientation
- Direction of erotic interests; refers to more than just sexual behaviour
Orientations
- Straight
- Gay
- Bisexual
- Pansexual
- Asexual
“Two-spirit”
- Term used by Indigenous people to refer to Indigenous people who identify with nontraditional sexual orientation and gender identity
172
Origins of Sexual Orientation
Thinking Critically about Sexual Orientation:
- Probably not a single cause
- Within-group variation
- Research challenges such as recruitment
- Considering more than just straight or gay orientations
173
What Influences Orientation ?
Orientation is influenced by:
- Genetics
- Prenatal hormones
- Brain structures
- Social factors (gender non-conforming behaviour)
174
Individual Adjustment and Well-Being of Gay and Lesbian People - Part 1
(similarities, differences on heterosexual population, coping with prejudice discrimination)
Similarities to Heterosexual Population
- Attitudes, psychological adjustment
Difference from Heterosexual Population
- Hobbies, activities, occupations
Coping with Prejudice and Discrimination
- Coming out
175
Individual Adjustment and Well-Being of Gay and Lesbian People - Part 2
(relationship)
Relationships
- Report greater satisfaction than heterosexuals
- More likely to end relationships than heterosexuals
- Canada decriminalized same-sex sexual activities in 1969
- In 2005, Canada became the fourth country in the world to legalize same-sex marriage
- In 2003, the Canadian Psychological Association position was
- The psychosexual development, gender development, and gender identity of children raised by same-sex couples is equivalent to children raised by heterosexual couples
176
What Constitutes Sexual Behaviour?
What Constitutes Sexual Behavior?
- Infidelity or loss of virginity
- Activities involved in reproduction
- Arousal and sexual response
- Unusually intimate and personal activity as defined by the participants
177
How Often Do People Have Sex?
These bar charts show the responses of 18,876 men and women in Britain who were asked “How often have you had sex in the past month?” (Palmer et al., 2018)
178
Stages of Our Sexual Response?
(William Masters and Virginia Johnson (1966)
William Masters and Virginia Johnson (1966)
Four phases: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.
1. Excitement
2. Plateau
3. Orgasm
4. Resolution/Male Refractory Period
179
stages of our sexual response)
(Helen singer kaplan (1974)
Helen Singer Kaplan (1974)
- Added Desire
- To Masters and Johnson’s four phases of sexual response
180
Sexual Variations and Disorders
(fetishes, disorders of sexual desire/response)
Disorders of Sexual Desire/Response
- Female dysfunction in arousal
- Erectile dysfunction, premature ejaculation
181
Pedophilic Disorder
Pedophilic disorder
- Is a psychological disorder in which an adult or an older adolescent sexually fantasizes about or engages in sexual behaviour with individuals who have not reached puberty
- Pedophilic disorder is more common in men than women
182
Motivation
Motivation refers to the moving force that energizes behavior
- Direction or goal of motives
- Strength of motives
Motives reflect
- Biological needs
- Psychosocial needs
183
Hypothalamic Regulation of Eating
- Hypothalamus receives information regarding nutrient levels in body
- Lateral region
- Stimulation induces eating
- Lesions of the lateral region produce starvation
- Ventromedial region
- Lesions induce overeating
- Stimulation inhibits eating
184
Sexual Motivation
Hormones:
- Organizational effects: prenatal exposure to androgens alters the neural circuits in brain and spinal cord, Adult behavior of androgenized subject is masculine
- In the absence of androgens, “Nature’s impulse is to create a female…”
- Activational effects: alteration of adult levels of hormones can alter the intensity of a behavior that is modulated by that hormone
- Pheromones
- Environmental cues
185
Evolutionary Analysis of Human Sexual Behavior
- Parental investment
- Patterns of sexual activity
- Differences in mate preferences
- jealousy
186
Sexual Orientation
- Sexual orientation is the direction of attraction for a sexual partner
- Homosexuality: attraction for a person of the same-sex
- Twin studies document a biological basis for homosexuality
- Hormonal responses differ between homosexual and heterosexual men
187
Affiliation Motives
- The need to associate with others and maintain social bonds.
- Companionship, friendship, and love
- Evolutionary bases
- Safety, grooming, survival
- Rejection, Loss of intimate, Loneliness
(anxiety, jealousy, and depression)
188
Achievement Motives
- Need for Achievement: refers to the need to do well, to succeed, and to avoid failure
- Persons who have a high level of need for achievement tend to
- Choose moderately difficult tasks
- Enjoy being challenged
- Avoid failure
- Work more persistently
- Enjoy success
189
Emotion
- Emotions reflect a “stirred up’ state
- Emotions have valence: positive or negative
- Emotions are thought to have 3 components:
- Physiological arousal
- Subjective experience
- Behavioural expression
190
Taxonomy of Emotions
How many basic emotional states?
- Between 5 and 9 basic states:
- The common 5 include anger, fear, happiness, sadness, and disgust
- Additional emotional states include surprise, contempt, shame, guilt, joy, and trust
Emotional valence may be related to activity in the nervous system:
- Positive: activity of dopamine systems
- Negative: activity of norepinephrine systems
191
Neuropsychology of Emotion
- Dual processing of emotions:
- Activation of the amygdala produces visceral responses
- Cortical activation allows for use of memory in understanding emotional stimuli
- Limbic system
192
Cognitive Perspectives on Emotion
- Plato: “reason must rein in the passions”
- Schachter and Singer (1962): cognitive judgements are a critical part of emotional experience:
- Subjects are aroused by an injection of adrenaline and then exposed to anger or happiness cues
- The emotional cues played a prominent role in emotional experience
193
Happiness as an Emotion
- Happiness is an emotional state characterized by a positive valence
- Research shows that happiness is
- related to cultural values (highest in individualistic cultures, lowest in collectivist cultures)
- Highly correlated with number of uninterrupted years of democracy in a country
Happiness is NOT related to:
- Gender
- Age
- Wealth
