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AtSc > Test 4 > Flashcards

Test 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Density altitude?

A

the altitude above
sea level (MSL) at which a given
atmospheric density occurs in thenecessary
standard atmosphere

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2
Q

How does density altitude affect performance?

A

Marginal Aircraft Performance

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3
Q

Why are weather briefings important in mountainous terrain?

A

Lack of weather
reporting stations
in mountainous
areas

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4
Q

Why should you bring more or less fuel in mountain flying?

A

Lighter aircraft will lead to better performance, however more fuel=more time aloft and more options

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5
Q

Are go around typically acceptable in mountains?

A

No, many are oneway

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6
Q

What is something that should be done before takeoff?

A

Lean engine

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7
Q

When should mountainous terrain be avoided?

A

When waves are present

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8
Q

When will you be able to receive warning of turbulence?

A

With a headwind

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9
Q

What is a way to have a smoother ride with updrafts?

A

Fly Upwind Side of Mountain or Ridge

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10
Q

Where will you find rougher air and downdrafts?

A

Leeward Side of Mountain or Ridge

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11
Q

How can you avoid low level turbulence?

A

Fly higher than the ridge

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12
Q

How should you approach ridges?

A

at 45 degree angle

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13
Q

When should you avoid valley passes?

A

when winds are greater than 25 kts

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14
Q

When should flight over mountains be avoided?

A

Winds over 30 kts

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15
Q

How many accidents in mountains are from CFIT?

A

50%

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16
Q

What is known ice?/ icing conditions

A

Atmospheric conditions in which the formation of ice is observed or detected or forecast

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17
Q

What percent of part 121 weather accidents are from icing?

A

3.2

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18
Q

What percent of part 135 weather accidents are from icing?

A

6.7

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19
Q

What percent of part 91 weather accidents are from icing?

A

7.9

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20
Q

What percent of weather accidents are from induction icing and what from airframe icing?

A

5 and 5

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21
Q

What percent of icing accidents are fatal?

A

27

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22
Q

What is induction icing?

A

All icing that
affects powerplant
operation

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23
Q

Where does carb icing occur?

A

–Venturi
–Throttle Valve
–Other Internal
Surfaces

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24
Q

What is carb ice the result of?

A 
–Adiabatic
Pressure Drop
in Venturi
–Vaporization
of Fuel
-Condensation and freezing and deposition
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25
Q

What are common conditions of carb icing?

A 
–	Visible Moisture Need Not Be Present
–	Most Probable
•	80F to  20F
•	High Humidity
•	Gliding (or Idle) Flight
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26
Q

What are symptoms are carb icing?

A

Symptoms
–Fixed Pitch Prop
Gradual Loss of Power
–Engine Roughness

Symptoms
–Fixed Pitch Prop
Gradual Loss of Power
–Engine Roughness

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27
Q

What is antidote for carb ice?

A 
Carburetor Heat
–Full Application
–May Take
Minutes to
Return Power
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28
Q

What is inlet icing in reciprocating engines?

A

Impact Ice
• IFR Conditions
May block air filter

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29
Q

When will inlet icing occur in recip engines?

A 
•Visible Moisture
–	Cloud
–	Precipitation
•Temperatures Less
Than 0C (32F)
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30
Q

What is the antidote for inlet icing in recip?

A

Alternate Air
Source
Carburetor
Heat

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31
Q

What are symptoms of inlet icing in recip?

A

Symptoms
• Fixed Pitch Prop
– Gradual Loss of Power
• Engine Roughness

Constant Speed Prop
– Gradual Loss of
Manifold Pressure
• Engine Roughness

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32
Q

What are problems with inlet icing in turbines?

A

FOD

Turbine blade damage

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33
Q

What are common conditions for inlet icing in trubines?

A

Visible Moisture
– Cloud
– Precipitation
• Temperatures Less Than 0oC (32oF)

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34
Q

What is an antidote for inlet ice in turbines?

A

antiice

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35
Q

Part 121 reg for op in icing

A

Sec. 121.341 Equipment for Operations
in Icing Conditions

(a) …no person may operate an airplane in icing
conditions unless it is equipped with means for
the prevention or removal of ice on windshields,
wings, empennage, propellers, and other parts of
the airplane where ice formation will adversely
affect the safety of the airplane

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36
Q

Part 121 op in icing at night

A

(b) No person may operate an airplane in icing
conditions at night unless means are provided for
illuminating or otherwise determining the
formation of ice on the parts of the wings that are
critical from the standpoint of ice accumulation

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37
Q

Part 135 op limitations in icing conditions

A

Except for an airplane that has ice protection
provisions that meet section 34 of Appendix A, or
those for transport category airplane type
certification, no pilot may fly–
(1) Under IFR into known or forecast light or
moderate icing conditions

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38
Q

Part 91 icing

A

(a) Except as provided in paragraph (d) of this section,
no person may operate a civil aircraft without
complying with the operating limitations specified in
the approved Airplane or Rotorcraft Flight Manual,
markings, and placards, or as otherwise prescribed
by the certificating authority of the country of
registry.

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39
Q

What is known icing?

A

Atmospheric conditions in which the formation of ice is observed or detected in flight

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40
Q

What are icing intensities?

A

– Trace
– Light
– Moderate
– Severe

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41
Q

What is trace icing?

A

Ice becomes perceptible.
Rate of accumulation slightly greater
than rate of sublimation.

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42
Q

Is trace ice hazardous?

A 
It is not hazardous even though
deicing/anti-icing equipment is not
used unless encountered for an
extended period of time (over one
hour).
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43
Q

What is light icing?

A

The rate of accumulation may create a problem if flight is prolonged in this environment (over one hour).
•Occasional use of deicing/anti-icing
equipment removes/prevents
accumulation.

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44
Q

Is light icing dangerous?

A 
It does not present
a problem if the
deicing/anti-icing
equipment is
used.
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45
Q

What is moderate ice?

A

The rate of accumulation is such that
even short encounters become
potentially hazardous

Use of deicing /anti-icing
equipment or diversion is necessary

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46
Q

What is severe ice?

A 
The rate of accumulation
is such that deicing/anti-
icing equipment fails to
reduce or control the
hazard

Immediate diversion is necessary

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47
Q

What are icing types?

A
  • Rime
  • Clear
  • Mixed
48
Q

What are the characteristics of rime ice?

A

– Brittle
– Opaque
– Milky-Colored

Formed by Rapid
Freezing of
Droplets

49
Q

What are characteristics of clear ice?

A 
–Dense
–Less Opaque
–Thin Smooth
Surface
–Tiny Rivulets
–Streaked or Bumps

Formed by Slow
Freezing of
Droplets

50
Q

What are characteristics of mixed ice?

A 
–Combination of
Clear and Rime
–More Dense
Than Rime
–Harder to
Remove
51
Q

When does mixed ice form?

A 
Forms in
–Non-Uniform
Clouds
–Temperatures
That Permit
‘Moderate’
Freezing Rate
52
Q

What are requirements for structural icing?

A
  1. Liquid Water

2. Temperature Less Than 0C

53
Q

Does water content very significantly in clouds?

A

yes

54
Q

Where is water content highest in a cloud?

A

Cloud tops and younger clouds

55
Q

What is SLW

A 
Supercooled Liquid
Water (SLW)
1.Liquid Water
2.Temperature Less
Than 0C
56
Q

What does SLW not freeze at 0?

A

Lack of active ice nuclei

57
Q

What is an ice nucleus?

A

Any particle that serves as a nucleus
leading to the formation of ice crystals
without regard to the particular physical
processes involved in the nucleation.

58
Q

Where is most SLW found at?

A

Between 0 and -20

59
Q

Where are natural ice nuclei scarce at?

A

Temps warmer than -20

60
Q

When will SLW collect the most?

A

Large drop with large inertia and mass
Fast airspeed
Less curvature
Small object collect faster

61
Q

What will happen in cold temperatures?

A

Cold Air
•Rapid Freezing of Droplets
•Trapped Air
•Rime Ice

62
Q

What will happen in warmer temperatures?

A 
Warm Air
•Slow Freezing of Droplets
•Water Spreads
•Air Escapes
•Clear Ice
63
Q

What is liquid water content?

A

Mass of Liquid Water
(grams) in Volume of
Cloud (cubic meters)

64
Q

What effects does liquid water content have?

A

Rate of Accretion (Severity) of Ice

Type of Ice

65
Q

What will happen in high liquid water content conditions?

A

High Rate of Ice Accretion
moderate to severe
Clear ice
Runback, further back

66
Q

What is the scale of types of icing based on temps?

A

Clear 0 to -8
Mixed -8 to -15
Rime -15 to -40

67
Q

What will happen in low liquid water content?

A

Trace or light licing
Low rate accretion
Rime ice

68
Q

When will you have rime ice at warmer temperatures?

A

In low liquid water content

69
Q

What kind of ice will happen with big drops?

A

Higher LWC
Severe Icing
Slower Freezing
Clear Ice

70
Q

What is the diameter of super cooled large drops?

A

.005cm

71
Q

What kind of ice will happen with small drops?

A

Lower LWC
Rapid Freezing
Rime Ice

72
Q

What is adiabatic compression?

A

Temp increases with increased airspeed

73
Q

What is the availability of SLW/

A 
Mostly SLW
–	0 to –10oC
Mix of Ice & SLW
–	-10 to –20oC
Colder than –20oC
–	Ice Crystals
74
Q

At what temperature will cloud bases have higher LWC?

A

Warmer cloud base

75
Q

Will high altitude clouds have ice?

A

no

76
Q

What kind of content do young clouds have?

A

Mostly Liquid Water

77
Q

Where is the worst icing?

A

0 to -15 C cumulus

78
Q

What kind of icing is often in cumulus clouds?

A

Severe and clear ice

79
Q

What are key parts of lake effect?

A

Source of moisture and unstable air

80
Q

What kind of icing is common in lake effect clouds?

A

Moderate to Severe

Mixed, Rime & Clear

81
Q

What is super cooled fog?

A 
•Suspended
Liquid Water
Droplets
•Temperature
Colder Than 0C

common in winter
icing while taxiing

Rime

82
Q

What happens in cold fronts?

A

Narrow Icing Band
Steeper Frontal Slope
Narrow Cloud Band
Clouds to High Altitude

83
Q

What happens in warm fronts?

A

Broad Area of Icing
Shallow Slope
Wide Cloud Band

84
Q

Are there more SLD in warm fronts or cold fronts?

A

Warm

85
Q

What happens in wrap around moisture?

A

Wide Area
Colder Air
Low Tops
Clear Air Above

86
Q

What is flow separation due to icing?

A

Up to 30%

87
Q

What does icing do to weight?

A

Increases 2%

88
Q

How much does drag increases with icing?

A

200-800%

89
Q

What is climb performance loss in icing conditions?

A

Initial -400 fpm
Each additional 1/2 -100 fpm
Underwing Ice -1400 -2000 fpm

90
Q

How much does the critical angle of attack decrease?

A

Up to 7%

91
Q

How much does stall speed increase?

A

10-15 kts

92
Q

Does the wing or tail accumulate ice faster?

A

Tail

93
Q

Where would you find known icing?

A

PIREP

94
Q

Where is forecast icing?

A

SIGMET (severe)
CWA MIS
AIRMET Zulu

95
Q

Where are observed cloud bases?

A

METARs
Weather depiction chart
PIREP

96
Q

What are cloud bases forecast?

A

TAF
AIRMET Sierra
AF

97
Q

Where do you find cloud tops observed?

A

PIREP
Satellite
Constant Pressure charts

98
Q

Where are cloud tops forecast?

A

AF

99
Q

Where is OAT observed?

A

PIREP
Observed winds and temp loft
constant pressure chart

100
Q

Where is OAT forecast?

A

Forecast wind and temp aloft

101
Q

What are the two types of system installations?

A

Safety of flight STC inadvertent encounters
Full known icing certificate
Part 23
certified in known icing

102
Q

What is clean aircraft concept?

A

All critical surfaces must be free of contaminants before attempting takeoff

103
Q

What are contaminants hazards?

A

Reduced lift
• A thin layer of frost may reduce lift by 30%
Instrument issues
• Instruments may give false readings
Control
• Controls may have reduced effectiveness or may
freeze up

104
Q

What is preflight inspections?

A

– Aircraft must be inspected for contaminants
– If contaminants are found, they must be
removed

105
Q

What are deicing on ground?

A 
•	Mechanical Methods
–	Broom, brushes, ropes
•	Thermal
–	Heated hangar
–	Infrared devices
106
Q

What is deicing fluids on ground?

A 
•	Freezing point depressants have lower
(colder) freezing point than water
•	Generally applied heated
•	May be applied ‘neat’ (undiluted) or
diluted
•	Type I fluid typically used
107
Q

What are antiicing on ground?

A 
Fluid types: Type II, Type IV
•	Type IV fluid is thicker and supplies
longer holdover time
•	Fluid shears off aircraft at critical speed
•	Fluids do not provide in-flight icing
protection
•	Type IV fluid cannot be used on aircraft
with VR less than 100 knots
108
Q

What does a mu scale of less than 40 mean?

A

bad breaking action

109
Q

WR

A

wet runway

110
Q

SLR

A

Slush on runway

111
Q

LSR

A

Loose snow on runway

112
Q

PSR

A

packed snow on runway

113
Q

IR

A

Ice on runway

114
Q

P

A

Patchy

115
Q

PSR 15

A

Packed snow on runway

deceleromter reading 15

116
Q

RCRNR

A

Runway condition report NA

AtSc (7 decks)

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