Test 4 Flashcards

1
Q

The amount of energy needed to completely remove an electron from an atom

A

Ionization

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2
Q

An estimate of the volume occupied by an atom

A

Atomic size

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3
Q

The electrons in the outermost shell of an atom

A

Valence electron

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4
Q

Matter that contains only one kind of atom

A

Element

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5
Q

The number of protons in a nucleus

A

Atomic number

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6
Q

How many valence electrons does sulfur (atomic number 16) have?

A

6

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7
Q

Use the periodic table to list the atoms Br As Ca in order of increasing diameter (largest last)

A

Br, As, Ca

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8
Q

Why do elements in the same column of the periodic table react in similar ways

A

Each element in the column has the same number of valence electrons

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9
Q

When you compare the ionization energies of K, Ca, and Ar which of the following is the least likely to give away an electron?

A

Ar

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10
Q

A process that can go forward and backward

A

Reversible process

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11
Q

The kinetic energy associated with atomic and molecular motions

A

Microscopic kinetic energy

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12
Q

Changes in natural systems tend to make the disorder of the universe stay the same or increase

A

Law of increasing disorder

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13
Q

The kinetic energy of a moving object

A

macroscopic kinetic energy

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14
Q

A process that only goes in one direction, whose effects cannot be naturally undone

A

irreversible process

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15
Q

A quantitative measure of disorder

A

entropy

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16
Q

The gasoline engine of an automobile is considerably less than 100% efficient. This means that not all of the energy in the gasoline is turned into kinetic energy of the car. WHy?

A

Some of the chemical potential energy in the gasoline must become ambient thermal energy if the rest is to supply the kinetic energy of the automobile. This means some energy must be wasted.

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17
Q

In an irreversible process, the overall disorder of the univers…..

A

Increases

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18
Q

What type of energy is the most ordered

A

Gravitational potential energy

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19
Q

Which of the following processes is closest to an ideal reversible process.

A

An ice cube floating in a glass of water at zero degrees

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20
Q

The 2nd law of thermodynamics (law of increasing disorder) places limits on the efficiency of energy conversion what is allowed?

A

100% conversion of gravitational potential energy to thermal energy (heat).

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21
Q

Atttractive force between nuclei and electrons that hold atoms together

A

Chemical bond

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22
Q

Matter that exists as molecules

A

Molecular substances

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23
Q

Matter that contains only one kind of atom

A

Element

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24
Q

A molecule containing only two atoms of the same kind of element

A

Diatomic molecule

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25
Q

Matter that exists as single atoms

A

Atomic matter

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26
Q

Structure where every atom or ion interacts strongly with many neighbors

A

Network substances

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27
Q

Matter that contains two or more atoms

A

Compound

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28
Q

Which properites describe table salt (NaCl)

A

Compound,

Network

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29
Q

Which properties describe neon gas

A

Element,

Atomic

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30
Q

Which properties describe oxygen molecules O2

A

Element,

Molecular

31
Q

A bond that is produced when delocalized electrons form a “sea of electrons” around nuclei

A

Metallic bond

32
Q

A crystalline structure such as germanium or silicon that conducts electricity better than an insulator but not as well as a conductor

A

Semiconductors

33
Q

The ability for light to be able to bounce off a surface

A

reflectivity

34
Q

A combination of two or more metals into a single homogeneous substance

A

Alloy

35
Q

A characteristic of a substance that allows it to be bendable or worked into different shapes

A

Malleability

36
Q

Measure of how well an object conducts heat

A

thermal conductivity

37
Q

Opposit of being transparent

A

Opacity

38
Q

Measure of how well a substance conducts an electrical current

A

electrical conductivity

39
Q

T or F

Metals have higher ionization energies than non-metals do.

A

False

40
Q

What are some properties of metals

A

Opaque
Reflective
Malleable
THEY ARE NOT BRITTLE

41
Q

An alloy forms when a metal bonds to

A

another metal

42
Q

Alloys can have several properties that give then advantages over pure metals. They are…

A

Can have lower melting temperatures
Are usually less malleable
May reduce weight in objects
DO NOT HAVE HIGHER CONDUCTIVITY RATE

43
Q

What is acommon property of materials formed by ionic materials

A

They have brittle network solids

44
Q

What kinds of materials are generally formed in a ionic material

A

Salt compound

45
Q

What is the most likely compound formed between calcium and chlorine

A

CaCl2

46
Q

What is the most likely compound formed between potassium and oxygen

A

K2O

47
Q

Groups of atoms covalently bound to each other that have a net charge because electrons have been lost or gained to facilitate the formation of a covalent bond

A

Molecular ion

48
Q

A measure of how strongly an atom attracts electrons

A

Electronegativity

49
Q

The separation of positive and negative charge in a polar bond or molecule

A

dipole

50
Q

bonds or molecules having an uneven distribution of charge

A

Polar

51
Q

A chemical bond where atoms share electrons

A

Covalent

52
Q

What type of bond would exist in a bond between carbon and oxygen

A

Covalent

53
Q

Which of the following would best describe the characteristics of the material formed by a covalent bond

A

A non-conducting moecular structure with low melting and boiling points, likely liquid or gas at room temp

54
Q

What happens to the valence electrons as the product CO is formed

A

The orbitals of both atoms valence electrons change shape so that the electrons are shared equally between the atoms

55
Q

Molecules in a liquid such a water….

A

exert weak forces on each other

56
Q

Weak intermolecular attraction arising from the formation of temporary dipoles in non-polar molecules

A

Van der waals forces (dispersion forces

57
Q

THe very strong bonds of hydrogen when bound to O, N, F, with other O, N or F atoms

A

Hydrogen bonds

58
Q

Which is more likely to be solid at room temp. Fats or Oils

A

Fats

59
Q

If a fat has longer tail, it is more likely to melt at

A

Higher temps

60
Q

What type of fatty acids is best for human health

A

Fatty acids that have one or more bent cis double bonds between carbon atoms

61
Q

When you compare saturated with unsaturated fatty acids containing the same number of carbon atoms, what is true

A

Saturated fatty acids have more hydrogen atoms

62
Q

The more kinks in an unsaturated fatty acid, the more likely it is to melt at

A

Lower temperatures

63
Q

Spontaneous release of energy or charged particles from the nucleus of an atom in a high energy state to obtain a lower energy state

A

Radioactive decay

64
Q

The radioactive decay of an atomic nucleus accompanied by emission of beta particle (generally a neutron decaying into a proton and electron)

A

Beta decay

65
Q

A nuclear reaction in which nuclei combine to form more massive nuclei

A

Fusion

66
Q

The radioactive decay of an atomic nucleus by emission of an alpha particle

A

Alpha decay

67
Q

A nuclear reaction in which an atomic nucleus splits into two fragments

A

Fission

68
Q

The nucleus of a helium atom containing two protons and two neutrons

A

Alpha particle

69
Q

The time required for half the nuclei in a sample to undergo radioactive decay

A

Half life

70
Q

An element having the same number of protons but differing numbers of neutrons

A

Isotope

71
Q

Why is a high temperature required for nuclear fusion to occur

A

High temperatures are required to allow the nuclei to have enough kinetic energy to overcome the electromagnetic repulsion and have the strong force attraction take place

72
Q

The purpose of the control rods in a nuclear fission reactor is

A

to absorb neutrons, thus limiting the number of nuclei undergoing fission

73
Q

The process known as nuclear fission is primarily responsible for

A

The energy produced by a nuclear reactor

74
Q

Carbon-14 is not stable and it spontaneously decays to Nitrogen-14 and an electron by a radioactive beta-decay. What is true

A

The total number of nucleons stays the same