Test 4 Flashcards
The amount of energy needed to completely remove an electron from an atom
Ionization
An estimate of the volume occupied by an atom
Atomic size
The electrons in the outermost shell of an atom
Valence electron
Matter that contains only one kind of atom
Element
The number of protons in a nucleus
Atomic number
How many valence electrons does sulfur (atomic number 16) have?
6
Use the periodic table to list the atoms Br As Ca in order of increasing diameter (largest last)
Br, As, Ca
Why do elements in the same column of the periodic table react in similar ways
Each element in the column has the same number of valence electrons
When you compare the ionization energies of K, Ca, and Ar which of the following is the least likely to give away an electron?
Ar
A process that can go forward and backward
Reversible process
The kinetic energy associated with atomic and molecular motions
Microscopic kinetic energy
Changes in natural systems tend to make the disorder of the universe stay the same or increase
Law of increasing disorder
The kinetic energy of a moving object
macroscopic kinetic energy
A process that only goes in one direction, whose effects cannot be naturally undone
irreversible process
A quantitative measure of disorder
entropy
The gasoline engine of an automobile is considerably less than 100% efficient. This means that not all of the energy in the gasoline is turned into kinetic energy of the car. WHy?
Some of the chemical potential energy in the gasoline must become ambient thermal energy if the rest is to supply the kinetic energy of the automobile. This means some energy must be wasted.
In an irreversible process, the overall disorder of the univers…..
Increases
What type of energy is the most ordered
Gravitational potential energy
Which of the following processes is closest to an ideal reversible process.
An ice cube floating in a glass of water at zero degrees
The 2nd law of thermodynamics (law of increasing disorder) places limits on the efficiency of energy conversion what is allowed?
100% conversion of gravitational potential energy to thermal energy (heat).
Atttractive force between nuclei and electrons that hold atoms together
Chemical bond
Matter that exists as molecules
Molecular substances
Matter that contains only one kind of atom
Element
A molecule containing only two atoms of the same kind of element
Diatomic molecule
Matter that exists as single atoms
Atomic matter
Structure where every atom or ion interacts strongly with many neighbors
Network substances
Matter that contains two or more atoms
Compound
Which properites describe table salt (NaCl)
Compound,
Network
Which properties describe neon gas
Element,
Atomic