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Flashcards in test 6: renal; respiratory Deck (30)
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1
Q

normal potassium level

A

3.5-5 mEq/L

2
Q

hyperkalemia

A

N/V; diarrhea; cardia arrhythmias

3
Q

hypokalemia

A

anorexia; nausea; lethargy; muscle weakness; mental confusion

4
Q

CAIs used to treat:

A

glaucoma, edema, and high altitude sickness

5
Q

crystalloids

A

solutions containing fluids and electrolytes that are normally found in the body
(NO proteins)

6
Q

crystalloid treatment

A

for dehydration but not expand plasma volume

compensates for insensible fluid loss; replace fluids; menage specific fluid and electrolyte disturbances; promote urinary flow

7
Q

examples of crystalloids

A
Normal Saline (0.9% NaCl)
half normal saline (0.45%NaCl)
hypertonic saline (3% NaCl)
Lactated ringers 
D5W
8
Q

adverse effects of crystalloids

A

edema (esp. peripheral & pulmonary); may dilute plasma protein; may worsen alkalosis or acidosis

9
Q

colloids

A

protein substances to increase colloid osmotic pressure (COP)

10
Q

action of colloids

A

move fluid from interstitial compartment to plasma compartment (when plasma protein levels are low)

11
Q

example of colloids

A

Albumin 5% and 25% (from human donors)
Dextran 40, 70, 75 (glucose solution)
Hetastarch (synthetic, derived from cornstarch)

12
Q

adverse effects of colloids

A

usually safe

many cause altered coagulation, resulting in bleeding; have NO clotting factors or oxygen-carrying capacity

13
Q

warning with dextran

A

rarely causes anaphylaxis or renal failure

14
Q

blood products

A

must be able to carry oxygen
increase tissue oxygenation
increase plasma volume

15
Q

how do blood products increase colloid osmotic pressure (COP) and plasma volume

A

pull fluid from extracellular space into intravascular place (plasma expanders); RBC products also carry oxygen; increase body’s supply of various products (such as clotting factors, hemoglobin)

16
Q

fresh frozen plasma (FFP)

A

increase clotting factor levels in patients with deficiency

17
Q

cryoprecipitate and plasma protein factors (PPF)

A

management of acute bleeding

greater than 50% slow blood loss or 20% acutely

18
Q

packed red blood cells (PBRCs)

A

to increase oxygen-carrying capacity in patients with anemia, in pt with substantial hemoglobin deficits, and in patients who have lost unto 25% of their total blood volume

19
Q

whole blood

A

same as PBRCs, except that whole blood is more beneficial in cases of extreme (greater than 25%) loss of blood volume because whole blood also contains plasma

contains plasma proteins, which help draw fluid back into blood vessels from surrounding tissues

20
Q

A patient is taken to the trauma unit after a motorcycle accident. It is estimated that he has lost 30% of his blood volume and his is hypovolemic shock. The nurse anticipates a transfusion with which blood product?

A

whole blood

21
Q

extracellular fluid electrolytes

A

sodium cations

chloride anions

22
Q

intracellular electrolytes

A

potassium

23
Q

early signs of hypokalemia

A

anorexia, low BP, confusion, lethargy, muscle cramps/weakness, nausea

24
Q

late signs of hypokalemia

A

increased HR, neuropathy, paralytic ileus, alkalosis

25
Q

normal sodium level

A

135-145 mEq/L

26
Q

hyponatremia symptoms

A
27
Q

causes of hyponatremia

A

same as hypokalemia; also executives perspiration, prolonged diarrhea or vomiting, or renal disorders

28
Q

hypernatremia symptoms

A

> 145 mEq/L

edema, hypertension, red, flushed, skin; dry, sticky mucous membranes (mouth); increased thirst; elevated temp; decreased urine output

29
Q

causes of hypernatremia

A

poor renal excretion stemming from kidney malfunction; inadequate water consumption and dehydration

30
Q

sodium is responsible for:

A

control of water distribution
F&E balance
osmotic pressure of body fluids
participation in acid-base balance