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Flashcards in Test III Deck (91)
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1
Q

Afferent

A

into the central nervous system

2
Q

Efferent

A

out of the central nervous system

3
Q

cells involved in hearing

A

hair cells with stereo cilia and 1 kinocilium

4
Q

Process of hearing, 6 steps

A

1) stereo cilia bend due to a pressure wave. 2) potassium channels open. 3) membrane depolarizes. 4) Calcium flows in. 5) Synpase vesicles fuse. 6) Neurotransmitters are released.

5
Q

3 parts of the ear

A

outer, middle, inner

6
Q

Outer Ear

A

tube that funnels, stops at the ear drum. Once it reaches the ear drum, three bones get tapped to send vibrations thru

7
Q

Middle Ear

A

3 bones send wave patterns (via taps) into ovular window on the side of the chochlea

8
Q

Inner Ear

A

chochlea, full of fluid, now have liquid waves. Fluid moves the stereo cilia which opens channels to flood axons of sensory neurons. Amount of bend determines how “much” signal gets sent.

9
Q

Vision

A

electrical signals from the optic nerve into afferent sensory nerves.

10
Q

Vision in Insects

A

ommatildia - how much light comes in, great at picking up motion due to black and white. Could be btwn 100-10,000 “eyes” all in black and white for motion.

11
Q

blindspot

A

the optic nerve runs into the optic disk and there are no cells on the optic disc to perceive light so we cannot see anything.

12
Q

Smell

A

mucuos layers trap different particles (olfactory senses)

13
Q

Optimum foraging theory

A

only eat special stuff (kobe steak for us) when everything is excess. Otherwise eat everything you can.

14
Q

Pheromone

A

molecule that you send out to be picked up by another member of the same species

15
Q

Muscles

A

muscle fibers - myofibrils that are striated due to sarcomeres.

16
Q

sarcomere

A

actin and myosin working together, all muses pull, never push

17
Q

actin

A

thin, does not move

18
Q

myosin

A

thick, moves forward and backward “power stroke”

19
Q

4 Steps of muscle contractions

A

1) ATP binds. 2) ATP hydrolyzed (becomes ADP) 3) P is released (power stroke). 4) ADP is released.

20
Q

Cardiac Muscles

A

1-2 nuclei, branched myofibrils, and involuntary contractions (only found in the heart)

21
Q

Smooth Muscles

A

1 nuclei, branched myofibrils, and involuntary contractions (all other involuntary muscles other than heart)

22
Q

Skeletal Muscles

A

account for 60% of all muscles, multinucleated, unbranched myofibrils, and voluntary contractions.

23
Q

Fast twitch muscle fibers

A

fast rate of contraction, little oxygen and wear out really quickly. fermentation (glycolosis) gives you 2 ATP very quickly.

24
Q

Slow twitch muscle fibers

A

slow rate of contraction, very good endurance, tons of myoglobin (holds oxygen) slow but almost constant energy. oxidative phosphorolation (30 ATP)

25
Q

hydrostatic skeleton

A

coordinated movements (some circumferential muscles and some longitudinal.

26
Q

exoskeleton

A

muscles hold on to bones at different joints

27
Q

bones

A

calcium phosphate (found in extra cellular matrix)

28
Q

cartilage

A

carbs and proteins (found in extra cellular matrix)

29
Q

tendons

A

collagen (muscles to bones)

30
Q

ligaments

A

collagen (bones to bones)

31
Q

hormones

A

long distance communication through the blood

32
Q

autocrine

A

sending signals to the same cell

33
Q

paracrine

A

sending signals to neighboring cells

34
Q

endocrine

A

sending signals through blood and lymph

35
Q

neural

A

sending signals through neurons

36
Q

neuroendocrine

A

multi steps of signals

37
Q

3 different types of hormones

A

polypeptides, amino-acid derivatives, and steroids

38
Q

polypeptide hormones

A

bonds btwn amino acids

39
Q

amino-acid derivative hormones

A

started as amino acids but broken down and sent off.

40
Q

steroids as hormones

A

lipid soluble (hydrophilic) and pass through membrane easily (receptors inside of the cell)

41
Q

cascade effect

A

receptor gets filled up, changes shape, sends signals to inside of the cell but the original molecule stays on the outside of the cell.

42
Q

Broad spectrum antibiotics

A

target the cell wall of the antigen

43
Q

Number 1 side effect of antibiotics

A

diarrhea because bacteria doesn’t slow down to break down the food so everything just slides right through. Bacteria is 10x the human cells in and on the body

44
Q

10% efficiency in levels of producer/consumer

A

so 10 pounds of corn gives you one pound of cow and ten pounds of cow gives you one pound of human…100 pounds of corn for 1 pound of human

45
Q

Understanding the Endocrine System

A

all about homeostasis, signals move in and out and help your body respond to the environment

46
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

Meiosis (2n = 4x n) interphase

47
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

Mitosis (2n = 2x 2n) 1)budding - a piece comes off and its genetically identical. 2)fission - splitting, it breaks in half. 3)parthenogenesis - unfertilized eggs develop into off spring and they are an exact copy of DNA

48
Q

3 different reproductive strategies

A

oviparous, viviparous, ovoviviparous

49
Q

oviparous

A

laying eggs

50
Q

viviparous

A

live births

51
Q

ovoviviparous

A

egg is kept inside until ready to be on its own

52
Q

External reproduction

A

females release eggs into the environment, male releases sperm towards the egg and both are heavily dependent on timing and location

53
Q

Immune Systems, 3 steps

A

1) keep bad stuff from entering the cell at any opening. 2) identify the problem. 3) kill anything that shouldn’t be in the cell

54
Q

Innate immune systems

A

constant, neutrophils, mast cells, and macrophage

55
Q

neutrophils

A

kill things

56
Q

mast cells

A

control blood flow

57
Q

macrophages

A

kill and recruit help (phagocytosis)

58
Q

RBC’s

A

oxygen transport to tissue via iron, carbon dioxide from tissues back to lungs. Main goal is cellular respiration (12-15 times multiplier

59
Q

WBC’s

A

immune functions: neutrophils, mast cells, macrophages, and lymphocytes

60
Q

lymphocytes

A

adaptive and very specific. T-cells, B-cells, and NK cells

61
Q

Antigens

A

any invader that initiates the immune system

62
Q

T-cells

A

mature in the thymus and triggered by B-cells

63
Q

B-cells

A

mature in the bone marrow and are the first to recognize antigens. Once they are activated they differentiate into memory cells and a clone army

64
Q

4 rules for lymphocytes

A

1) all are produced in the bone marrow. 2)mature in different places. 3) circulate through blood and lymph. 4) Need activation via antigens

65
Q

What happens for HIV to become AIDS?

A

T-cell level drops to low so you loose immunity

66
Q

Vaccines

A

essentially preloading your immune system. This preps your adaptive immune system.

67
Q

subunit vaccines

A

take a little piece, introduce it to your body, and then develop memory cells. EX: hepatitis B and the flu

68
Q

inactivated vaccines

A

chemically kill (deactivate) the virus and then introduce the entire virus. EX hepatitis A and polio

69
Q

attenuated vaccines

A

weakened or diluted viruses

70
Q

Allergies

A

over-reactions to antigens

71
Q

Allergens

A

specific antigens that cause allergies

72
Q

Autoimmune disease

A

body thinks itself is an antigen and attacks itself.

73
Q

Ecology

A

relationship between species and environment

74
Q

Cost benefit analysis

A

what does it cost me and what do i get out of it. ALL driven by food and sex

75
Q

Who/What/Where should I…Eat

A

optimal foraging theory (whats its cost? is it in excess?)

76
Q

Who/What/Where should I…Mate with?

A

Intersex - female chooses the mate. Intrasex - males fight other males for rights to females

77
Q

Who/What/Where should I…Live

A

migrate or settle?

78
Q

Who/What/Where should I…communicate

A

pheromones? (ants) dances? (bees) talk? (humans)

79
Q

Who/What/Where should I…cooperate

A

altruism - give something to the group and not get anything back

80
Q

Reciprocal altruism

A

giving back to someone else for the betterment of the group at the cost of the individual

81
Q

Levels of organization

A

molecules, tissues/organs, individuals, populations, community, and ecosystems

82
Q

populations

A

groups of same species (reproduction is possible)

83
Q

community

A

group of populations in a given area

84
Q

ecosystems

A

groups of communities

85
Q

4 essentials

A

food, water, shelter, and sex

86
Q

population density

A

4 factors: birth, death, immigration, and emmigration

87
Q

fecundity

A

number of females produced by each female

88
Q

carrying capacity

A

how much of a population can be sustained?

89
Q

niche

A

specific environment for individuals to thrive

90
Q

competitive exclusion principle

A

fighting for a resource, winner stays and the loser goes. No 2 organisms fill the same niche at the same time

91
Q

Keystone Species

A

species with the most impact on an environment, has a small bio-mass to impact ratio.