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Tests Flashcards

1
Q

What easy bedside tests are available?

A 
Pulse Oximetry 
ECG
BMI
Urinalysis
Capillary glucose
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2
Q

What stool tests are avaliable?

A

Faecal Occult Blood (FOB)
Stool Culture
Faecal Calprotein
Faecal Elastase

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3
Q

What stool test is used to screen for bowel cancer?

A

Faecal Occult Blood (FOB)

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4
Q

What is Faecal Calprotein used to test for?

A

Inflammatory markers

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5
Q

What is Faecal Elastase used to test for?

A

Pancreatic insufficiency

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6
Q

Puropse of U+Es?

A

Renal Function (urine + electrolytes)

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7
Q

What can Ca + Mg levels be used to test for?

A

Malabsorption

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8
Q

Purpose of LFTs?

A

Hepatic + Obstructive

  • Hep B, C + E
  • Ferritin
  • a-1 antitripsin deficiency (tumour marker)
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9
Q

Purpose of CRP

A

Inflammatory marker in IBS

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10
Q

What does a Full Blood Count (FBC) test for?

A
  • Anemia
  • White cell count
  • Platlets
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11
Q

Purpose of coagulation testing?

A

Hepatic dysfunction

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12
Q

Purpose to haematinics testing?

A
  • B12

- Ferritin

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13
Q

Purpose of coeliac testing?

A

IgA levels (protects from infections of the mucus membranes)

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14
Q

Purpose of urine testing?

A

Nutrition- trace elements + nutrients

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15
Q

What can you test on a patients breath?

A
  • Ketoacidosis
  • Lactose
  • Urea (H.Pylori)
  • Hydrogen (Bacterial Overgrowth)
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16
Q

How can you test for reflux?

A

Oesophageal pH

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17
Q

What does manometry test for?

A

Oesophageal movement

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18
Q

What area does a proctoscopy test?

A

Examine rectum

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19
Q

What area does a sigmoidoscopy test?

A

Examines sigmoid colon

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20
Q

What areas does an upper GI endoscopy cover?

A

Oesophagus- duodenum

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21
Q

Advantages of an endoscopy/ colonoscopy?

A
  • Biopsy
  • Sedation
  • Polypectomy (remove polyps)
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22
Q

Disadvantages of an endoscopy/ colonoscopy?

A
  • Perforation
  • Aspiration
  • Haemorrhage
  • Renal Impairment (Lower)
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23
Q

What area does a colonoscopy cover?

A

Lower Bowel (rectum- caecum), needs preparation via a laxative

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24
Q

What area does an ERCP cover?

A

Pancreas

  • Ampulla
  • Billiary System
  • Bile Ducts
25
Q

Advantages of an ERCP?

A
  • Biopsy
  • Stone Moving
  • Stenting
26
Q

Disadvantage of an ERCP

A
  • Sedation
  • Pancreatitis
    -Haemorrhage
    -Perforation
    NOTE: There IS a risk of death
27
Q

Advantages of an Endoscopic Ultrasound?

A
  • Staging (tumours in lower oesophagus)
  • Diagnosis
  • Biopsy + Cyst drainage
28
Q

Advantages of an Enteroscopy?

A

Visualise Small intestine, balloon

  • Biopsy
  • Therapy
29
Q

Advantages/ Disadvantages of capsule? eg./ Pill Cam

A

Less invasive but can’t biopsy

30
Q

What does the MUST screening show?

A

Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool- Picks up people at risk of malnutrition

31
Q

How is BMI calculated?

A

Weight (kg)/ Height (m) squared

32
Q

How is MUST scored?

A 
1. BMI is calculated - Less 20= Score 1
                                  Less 18= Score 2
2. Unintentional Weight Loss over last 3-6mnths- 5⁒= Score 1
              10⁒= Score 2
3. Eaten in last 5 days- No= Score 2
Score 2= Risk of undernutrition
Score 1= Supplements + Watch
Score 0= Monitor
33
Q

How do you asses a patients state of nutrition upon hospital entry

A

MUST Score them

34
Q

What constitutes a normal BMI score?

A

A BMI of 20-25 is normal

35
Q

What constitutes an overweight BMI score?

A

A SMI of 25-30 is overweight

36
Q

What constitutes an obese BMI score?

A

A BMI over 30 is obese

37
Q

How is Basal Metabolic Rate Measured?

A

Measured via direct calorimetry

Lean Body Mass + Adjustment for activity/ Illness

38
Q

How do you test for an allergy?

A

Radioisotope Allergy Test

39
Q

What tests could be carried out for signs of inflammation?

A

C- Reactive Protein (CRP)

Calprotection (from inflamed gut mucosa)

40
Q

What is platelet count a marker of?

A

non- specific markers of active bone marrow. If raised= bleeding/ inflammatory

41
Q

What does the ALP (Alkaline Phosphatase Level) Test determine?

A

Is a type of LFT can show hepatitis, cirrhosis, cholecystitis, blockage of bile ducts, via D deficiency, cancers, vasculitis (elevated)

42
Q

What can ANCA test for?

A

Granulomatous Polyaterietis (Wegners) + Microscopic Polyarteritis

43
Q

How is puberty staged?

A 
Tanner Stages
B- breast development (1-5)
G- Genital development (1-5)
Pubic Hair (1-5)
Axillary Hair (1-3)
B2- Females, breast budding
G2 + T- Males, testicular enlargement
 Are important stages
44
Q

What scale is used to classify hypoglycaemia? How is it produced?

A

Edinburgh Hypoglycaemic Scale
Based on
Autonomic- Sweating, Palpitations, Shaking + Hunger
Neurological- Confusion, Drowsiness, Speech Difficulty + Incoordination
General Malaise- Headache + Nausea

45
Q

What are the adv + dis of US scanning

A

Adv- Cheap, easy to use, no radiation, portable, high specificity, good for gallstone
Dis- lower sensitivity

46
Q

What are the adv + dis of CT/MRI

A

Adv- Highly specific + sensitive
Dis- Expensive, Not portable, Radiation(CT), Clautrophobia (MRI), contraindications (MRI) (eg./ no metal, hip replacements, pacemaker etc)

47
Q

What are the adv + dis or MRCP?

A

Adv- no radiation, no complications, good for diagnosing

Dis- claustrophobia

48
Q

What is MRCP? When is it used?

A

Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography

Image liver, gallbladder, bile ducts + pancreas

49
Q

What is ERCP used for?

A

Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio-Pancreatography
As it uses radiation, sedation + is associated with complications it is more therapeutic than diagnostic (remove stone/ obstruction/ stent/ post op complications

50
Q

What is percutaneous transhepatic cholangiogram used for?

A

Used when ERCP not possible due to duodenal obstruction/ previous surgery/ stent

51
Q

Why test plasma LFTs?

A

Shouldn’t be any in plasma

52
Q

Why is bilirubin testes?

A

LFT- Confirm a clinical diagnosis of jaundice (hepatic/ post-hepatic)

53
Q

Why test Alkaline Phophatase?

A

LFT- enzyme in bile ducts

Inc with obstruction of liver

54
Q

Why test albumin levels?

A

LFT- Decreased in
Chronic Liver Disease
Kidney Disorders
Malnutrition

55
Q

Why test creatinine levels?

A

LFT- Determines Kidney function (eGFR) (not good marker due to logarithmic nature)

56
Q

Why test aminotransferase?

A

LFT- increases in alcoholic liver disease

ALT

57
Q

Why test Gamma GT?

A

LFT- Increases with alcohol use + NSAIDs + Tumours (non specific marker)

58
Q

Why test prothrombin time?

A

LFT- degree of dysfunction + recovery

59
Q

Why test platelet count?

A

LFT- indirect marker of portal hypertension , splenomegaly as platelets stuck

GI (6 decks)

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