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DS1101 - S1 Y1 > The Axial Skeleton > Flashcards

The Axial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

What is the axial skeleton

A

Group of bones which is primarily involved in protecting, supporting and carrying other organs of the body

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2
Q

What does the axial skeleton support and protect

A

Supports the - head, neck and trunk
Protects - brain, spinal cord and thoracic organs

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3
Q

How many bones are there in the axial skeleton

A

80

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4
Q

What are the 3 regions of the axial skeleton

A
  • skull
  • vertebral column
  • bony thorax (ribs) - thoracic cage
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5
Q

What is the skull comprised of

A
  • cranium
  • facial bones
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6
Q

What is the cranium

A

One of the components of the skull
It protects the brain and is the site of attachment for head and neck muscles

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7
Q

What are facial bones

A

One of the components of the skull
- Supply the framework of the face, the sense organs and the teeth
- provide openings for the passage of air and food
- Anchor the facial muscles of expression

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8
Q

What are the main bones in the skull

A
  • maxilla
  • Mandible
  • Frontal bone
  • Sphenoid bone
  • parietal bone
  • Temporal bone
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9
Q

What connects the mandible to the skull

A

temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

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10
Q

What is the temporomandibular joint

A
  • Lies anterior to the ear
  • Has a depression and elevation movement as well as a side to side grinding motion
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11
Q

What is the vertebral column

A
  • Spine
    Is relatively flexible, curved structure that runs from the skull to the pelvis
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12
Q

What is the function of the vertebral column

A
  • Axial support for the trunk
  • At the pelvis it transmits the weight of the trunk to the lower limbs
  • Provides attachment points for the muscles of the back and neck
  • Surrounds and protects the delicate spinal cord (has to be strong yet flexible)
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13
Q

How many vertebrae/irregular bones are there in the vertebral column

A

26 irregular bones (vertebrae) connected in such a way that a flexible, curved structure results

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14
Q

What are the 5 major divisions or regions of the vertebral column

A
  • Cervicale vertebrae
  • Thoracic vertebrae
  • Lumbar vertebrae
  • Sacrum
  • Coccyx

Can Tigers Leap Swiftly, Super cool

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15
Q

How many bones and where are the cervical vertebrae

A

7 bones of the neck

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16
Q

How many bones and where are the thoracic vertebrae

A

12 bones of the torso

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17
Q

How many bones and where are the lumbar vertebrae

A

5 bones of the lower back

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18
Q

How many bones and where are the sacrum

A

formed from 5 fused vertebrae which articulates (joins ) with the hip bones of the pelvis

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19
Q

How many bones and where are the Coccyx

A

4 fused vertebrae

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20
Q

What are the ligaments in the vertebral column

A

Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments

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21
Q

What is the function of the anterior longitudinal ligaments

A

Is strongly attached to the bony vertebrae and the intervertebral disc
Prevents over extension (hyperextension) of the spine (bending too far back)

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22
Q

What is the function posterior longitudinal ligament

A

Resists hyperflexion of the spine (bending forward too sharply)
Its attaches only to the intervertebral discs - it is narrow and relatively weak

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23
Q

What is the structure which aids the posterior longitudinal ligament

A

Ligamentum flavum

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24
Q

What is the function of the ligamentum flavum

A

Contains elastic connective tissue making it especially strong
Stretches as we bend forward, then recoils when we resume an upright position

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25
Q

What is the intervertebral discs composed of

A
  • Nucleus pulposus
  • Annulus fibrosus
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26
Q

What is the nucleus pulposus

A

inner gelatinous nucleus that gives the disc its elasticity and compressibility like a rubber ball) - acts as a shock absorber

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27
Q

What is it called when the anulus fibrosus ruptures causing the nucleus pulposus to leak out of the intervertebral disc

A

Hernia

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28
Q

What is the impact of a hernia

A

The herniated portion of the disc can put pressure on the spinal nerve root resulting in spinal pain

29
Q

What are the identifying features of the atlas

A
  • no vertebral body
  • no spinous process
  • has transverse foramen (holes on the side for the vertebral artery)
  • no intervertebral disc between atlas and axis
30
Q

What’s the function of the atlas

A

carries the skull and has joints which lets you nod “yes”

31
Q

What are the identifying features of the axis

A
  • dens/ odontoid process (small bone which projects superiorly from the body and is cradled in the anterior arch of the atlas)
  • small spinous process and body
32
Q

what’s the function of the dens

A

provides pivot for the rotation of the atlas - joint lets you indicate “no”

33
Q

What characterizes cervical vertebrae

A
  • smaller body (carry east amount of weight)
  • larger triangular vertebral foramen (carries most nerves)
  • Y shaped spinous process - bifid
  • U shaped transverse process
  • has the transverse foramen (for vertebral artery and vein)
34
Q

What characterises thoracic vertebrae

A

long spinous process which are sharp and projects inferiorly
- 2 partial facets (superior and inferior costal facets) on each side of the body for articulation with the head of its own rib and the head of he rib below
- Facet on each transverse process for articulation with the tubercle of its own rib

35
Q

What characterises lumbar vertebrae

A

short and blunt spinous process which projects directly posteriorly
- Largest vertebral body (carries the most weight)
- short, blunt spinous process
- thin and long transverse processes
- lacks facets for articulation with ribs

36
Q

What characterizes the sacrum

A

triangular shaped bone formed by the fusion of 5 sacral vertebrae

37
Q

What characterizes the coccyx

A
  • its small size
  • absence of vertebral arches and vertebral canal
    fusion of 4 very small coccygeal vertebrae which articulates with the inferior tip of the sacrum
38
Q

function of the thoracic cage

A

to protect the vital organs of the thorax - heart, lungs, major blood vessels
Also supports the shoulders and upper limbs as well as providing attachment point for many muscles of the neck, back, chest and shoulders

39
Q

What are true ribs which which ones are the true ribs

A

the superior 7 pair
true ribs are the ribs which directly attach to the sternum via costal cartilage

40
Q

What are false ribs and which ones are the false ribs

A

ribs 8-10 (interior 3)
flase ribs are ribs which indirectly attach to the sternum via costal cartilage

41
Q

What are floating ribs and which ones are the floating ribs

A

ribs 11-12
Ribs which have no anterior attachment

42
Q

How do most ribs connect to the vertebral column

A

connects to 2 facets - one joints with the body of the same numbered thoracic vertebra, whilst the other articulates with the superior vertebra
-articulates the the facet on the transverse process of the vertebra it takes its number from

43
Q

what are the special characteristics of the first pair of ribs

A
  • flattened (superior to inferior)
  • quite broad - support the blood vessels that serve the upper limbs
44
Q

What’s special about the articulation of ribs 1 and 10, 11,12

A

they only articulate with one vertebral body

45
Q

what types of nerves do roots carry

A

Either sensory or motor (not both)

46
Q

What type of nerves does the posterior/dorsal root carry

A

afferent (sensory) nerves

47
Q

What type of nerves does the anterior/ventral root carry

A

Efferent (motor) nerves (both automatic and somatic)

48
Q

What types of nerves do rami carry

A

both sensory and motor fibers

49
Q

what are the different types of motor nerves

A

somatic - controls skeletal muscle
autonomic - controls cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands

50
Q

What are somatic efferent nerves

A

Motor nerves which controls voluntary movements e.g. skeletal and muscles

51
Q

What are autonomic efferent nerves

A

Motor nerves which controls involuntary body process e.g. Cardiac muscle and smooth muscle
e.g. blood flow and body temp

52
Q

Where do afferent (sensory) nerves come from and terminates

A

comes from the dorsal root
terminates in the dorsal horn

53
Q

where do somatic motor nerves start and terminate

A

comes from the the ventral horn

leaves through the ventral root to the skeletal and muscle

54
Q

Where do autonomic motor nerves start and go

A

comes from the lateral horn
terminates at cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands

55
Q

What types of nerves are in the spinal nerve

A

Both afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) nerves

56
Q

what nerve supplies the back muscle

A

posterior ramus

57
Q

What muscles and organs does the posterior/dorsal rami supply

A

Skin and muscles of the back

58
Q

What muscles and organs does the anterior/ventral rami supply

A

skin and muscle of the anterior trunk, upper and lower limbs

59
Q

Where in the vertebral canal does the spinal nerve leave

A

intervertebral foramen

60
Q

where do the C1-C7 nerves exit the vertebral canal

A

superior to vertebrae

61
Q

where does the C8 nerve emerge

A

inferior to C7 vertebra

62
Q

where do the thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal nerves emerge from

A

inferior to vertebrae that they take their name from

63
Q

What does efferent nerves mean

A

the nerve fibers responsible for carrying signals from the brain to the peripheral nervous system in order to initiate an action and movement

64
Q

What does afferent nerves mean

A

a nerve that passes sensory impulses from receptors toward or to the central nervous system.

65
Q

What is the intervertebral foramen and what is its function

A

A gap formed between adjacent vertebral arches.
Its where each spinal nerve exists the vertebral canal laterally

66
Q

How many cervical nerves are there

A

8

67
Q

What is the intercostal space

A

The space which lies in between adjacent ribs and are filled by intercostal muscles

68
Q

What is the function of intercostal muscle

A

They lift and depress the thorax

69
Q

What is the knob like tubercle which the rib articulates with

A

facets on the transverse process of thoracic vertebra

DS1101 - S1 Y1 (49 decks)

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