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Term 2 Neuro > The Brain > Flashcards

Flashcards in The Brain Deck (51)
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1
Q

What makes up the largest portion of the brain?

A

The cerebrum

2
Q

The cerebrum is made up of how many hemispheres? What do they control?

A

Right hemisphere controls left side of body

Left hemisphere controls right side of body

3
Q

What is the outer layer of the cerebrum called?

How thick?

A

Cerebral cortex

3mm

4
Q

Cerebral cortex is divided into shallow grooves called __________ or deeper grooves called __________.
Hills between are called ______.

A

Sulci
Fissures
Gyri

5
Q

Cerebral cortex imxonsists of _____ matter, remainder of cerebrum composed of _______ matter

A

Grey

White with small amount of grey within

6
Q

Each cerebral hemisphere has how many lobes?

A

4

7
Q

The motor cortex is in which lobe?

Where does it lie?

A

Frontal lobe. Immediately anterior to central sulcus

8
Q

What does the motor cortex do ?

A

Initiates voluntary contraction of individual muscles in the contralateral side of the body

9
Q

An injury in Broca’s area would be an injury in which lobe? What would it result in?

A

Frontal lobe.

Result in aphasia - impairment of the ability to communicate through speech, writing or signs

10
Q

When does aphasia occur?

A

Often sudden is stroke head injury. Or slowly ie brain tumour.

Impairs both the expression and understanding of language as well as reading and writing

11
Q

Where does there sensory (somatosensory) cortex lie?

A

In the parietal lobe. Immediately posterior to central sulcus between frontal and occipital lobes

12
Q

What does the sensory cortex do?

A

Receives information from sensory receptors In skin, muscles, and joints of the contralateral side

13
Q

What is stereognosis?

A

The ability to recognize an object by touch

14
Q

Which lobe contains the olfactory cortex and interprets auditory stimuli?

A

Temporal lobe

15
Q

What could damage to the temporal lobe result in?

A

Aphasia called Wernicke’s aphasia.

16
Q

What are the symptoms of Wernick’s aphasia?

A

Speak in long sentences that have no meaning
Add unnecessary words create new words called neologisms.
Difficulty understanding speech

17
Q

Broca’s area is associated roughly with _____

Wernicke’s area is associated roughly with _______

A

Expression

Comprehension

18
Q

Where is the occipital lobe located?

What does it interpret?

A

Posterior to temporal and parietal lobes

Interprets visual stimuli

19
Q

In neuroanatomy, what is a nucleus ?

A

Brain structure consisting of a relatively compact cluster of neuron cell bodies.

20
Q

In the PNS a cluster of neuron cell bodies is referred to as what ?

A

A ganglion

21
Q

True or false? Basal ganglia is in the PNS (hence ganglion )

A

False! CA!

Group of nuclei in the CNS

22
Q

Gay does the basal ganglia generally hep with?

A

Help in directing the involuntary movements including the postural and proximal adjustments (background positioning) that is necessary before fine distal movements may take place.

23
Q

Where is the cerebellum located?

A

Below the occipital lobes, posterior to the pons and the medulla.

24
Q

What is the tentorium cerebelli?

A

Strong horizontal fold of dura mater that is attached along the midline to the falx cerebri - Separates the cerebellum from the basal surface of the occipital and temporal lobes

25
Q

What is the falx cerebri ?

A

Scythe-shaped vertical fold if dura mater in the longitudinal fissure between the two cerebral hemispheres.
Attached anteriorly to the front of the skull (Crista Galli) and caudally to the upper surface of the tentorium cerebelli

26
Q

What does the cerebellum function as?

A

An important centre for coordination of movements and maintenance of balance

27
Q

What is located just superior to the spinal cord?

A

The brain stem

28
Q

What does the brain stem consist of?

A

Medulla oblongata (caudal)

Pons (intermediate)

Midbrain (superior)

29
Q

What is the brain stem concerned with ?

A

The vital functions of the ANS (life sustaining)

30
Q

Which tracts does the brain stem contain?

A

Both Motor and sensory tracts

31
Q

The medulla oblagata attaches to the spinal cord and contains nuclei that are reflex centres for regulation of what?

A

HR, respiratory rate, vasoconstriction, swallowing, coughing, vomiting, cardiovascular control

32
Q

What do pontine nuclei relay? What does the pons control?

A

Nerve impulses between cortex and cerebellum. Pons helps control breathing along with the medulla

33
Q

What does the midbrain mediate?

A

Auditory and visual (oculomotor) reflexes

34
Q

What is the reticular formation?

What does it do?

A

Large part of he brain stem consisting of small areas of loosely clustered nuclei and tracts

Helps to maintain consciousness causes awakening from sleep, filters out unimportant info, regulating muscle tone

35
Q

Where is the sustantia nigra? What is produced there?

A

Brain stem

Dopamine

36
Q

Why does dopamine play a role in?

A

Motivation and movement - all animals from humans to insects

37
Q

Where is the limbic system?

A

Wraps around the brain stem and lies beneath the cerebral cortex.

38
Q

What does the amygdala play a role in?

A

Emotional behaviours especially fear

39
Q

What is the brains ‘pleasure centre’?

What does it play a role in?

A

Nucleus accumbens.

Plays a role in sexual arousal, and he ‘high’ derived from certain recreational drugs.

40
Q

The responses from the nucleus accumbens are heavily modulated by what?

A

Dopaminergic projections from the limbic system

41
Q

What structure is invoked in consolidation of short term memory into long term memory? And other complex cognitive processes

A

The hippocampus

42
Q

What is the anterior part of the frontal lobes called?

A

Prefrontal cortex

43
Q

What is he PFC involved in?

A

Planning complex cognitive behaviour, personality expeession, decision making, moderate social behaviour

44
Q

Which part of the brain develops later in life and is responsible for risk taking and poor decision making in teenagers??

A

Prefrontal cortex

45
Q

What is involved in controlling the ANS and endocrine systems and organizes behaviour?

A

Hypothalamus

46
Q

Where is he hypothalamus situated?

A

Below and in front of the thalamus, above the pituitary gland.

47
Q

What are some important functions of the hypothalamus?

A

Integration of the endocrine and nervous system.

Control of hunger, thirst, and body temp.

48
Q

Where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus located?

A

Above the hypothalamus

49
Q

What controls circadian rhythm?

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

50
Q

Where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus located?

A

Above the hypothalamus

51
Q

What hormone targets the hypothalamus and helps it to establish the body’s circadian rhythm?

A

Melatonin - secreted by pineal gland