The cardiovascular regulation

Question 1

What is responsible for acute buffering of blood pressure?

Answer 1

Arterial Baroreceptors

Question 2

What monitors blood acidity ? CO2, 02 , H+

Answer 2

Chemoreceptors

Question 3

What monitors Joint movements?

Answer 3

proprioceptors

Question 4

Where does signals in afferent path travel to?

Answer 4

Cardiovascular centre in medulla oblongata

Question 5

What is the sympathetic nerve that increases heart rate>

Answer 5

Accelerator nerve

Question 6

What do sympathetic Vasomotor nerves do?

Answer 6

Vasoconstriction

Question 7

What can Noradrenaline of sympathetic also do?

Answer 7

smooth muscle of arterioles vasoconstrict

Question 8

Where are Arterial Baroreceptors found?

Answer 8

Carotid sinus and Aortic Arch

Question 9

Why are baroreceptors a type of mechanoreceptor?

Answer 9

Sensitive to stretch from increased arterial pressure

Question 10

Where are afferent projections for arterial baroreceptors?

Answer 10

X Vagus and IX Glossopharyngeal Nerves

Question 11

What are baroreceptor afferents input?

Answer 11

increase in Parasymp. so decrease heart rate and MAP

Question 12

What does acetylcholine also do?

Answer 12

causes release of NO so Vasodilate

Question 13

What does postural changes do ?

Answer 13

decrease MAP

Question 14

What is orthostasis?

Answer 14

change to cardiovascular system when standing

Question 15

What happens when standing in orthostasis?

Answer 15

decrease MAP and cerebral perfusion pressure so fainting

Question 16

What happens in postural change?

Answer 16

pulse and sinus pressure decreases so decrease in carotid baroreceptor stimulation

Question 17

How does Cardiovasc. centre respond to Orthostasis?

Answer 17

increase accelerator and vasomotor nerve stimulation so incr. MAP

Question 18

What do atrial and pulmonary artery stretch receptors respond to?

Answer 18

lower pressures and regulate blood volume

Question 19

What happens when decrease in stimulation of cardiopulmonary receptors?

Answer 19

ADH released so vasoconstriction so increase MAP

Question 20

What does ADH cause?

Answer 20

incr. reabsorption of fluid from nephrons so conc. urine

Question 21

What response does ADH cause?

Answer 21

reduce rate of glomerular filtration so increase blood volume

Question 22

What effect does ADH have?

Answer 22

Vasoconstrictor

Question 23

What is hypercapnia ?

Answer 23

Increased C02 in blood

Question 24

What is acidosis ?

Answer 24

increase in H+

Question 25

What can a chemoreceptor reflex be?

Answer 25

Increase MAP/Cardiac output via vasoconstriction | Increase rate/ depth of breathing and Tidal volume

Question 26

What is cushing reaction?

Answer 26

Hypothalamic response to Ischemia (poor blood supply to brain)

Question 27

What is response to ischemia?

Answer 27

increase symp. vasoconstriction of arterioles increase in MAP So increased blood flow to brain

Question 28

How does Ischemia ( poor blood to brain) occur?

Answer 28

increase in Intracranial pressure where arterioles compressed so no blood supply

Question 29

What is long term regulation of blood volume?

Answer 29

regulated by kidneys - inc. glomerular filtration will inc. urine production

Question 30

What is Renin-Angiotensin aldosterone system?

Answer 30

Juxtaglomerular cells release renin when fall in BP

Question 31

What 2 other triggers stimulate renin?

Answer 31

Sympathetic system | Macula Densa cells

Question 32

What does renin do to angiotensinogen ?

Answer 32

convert to Angiotensin 1

Question 33

What does Angiotensin-converting enzyme do?

Answer 33

convert Angiotensin 1 into Angiotensin2

Question 34

What does Angiotensin 2 do?

Answer 34

- vasoconstrict smooth muscle - Kidney hold more water so inc Blood vol - Pituitary secrete ADH- does above 2 roles - Adrenal gland release Aldosterone

Question 35

What does Aldosterone do ?

Answer 35

Na+ retention in kidney so water reabsorbed so inc. Blood vol

Question 36

Where is adrenaline and noradrenaline released?

Answer 36

Adrenal Medulla

Question 37

What does ADH do?

Answer 37

increase MAP- vasoconstrictor

Question 38

What does ANP do?

Answer 38

released by atria cells and reduces MAP

Question 39

How does Atrial Natiuretic peptide reduce MAP?

Answer 39

Vasodilation | Excrete Na+ so low blood vol