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Human Systems and Anatomy > The Central Nervous System > Flashcards

The Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

what makes up the central nervous system

A

the brain and spinal cord. lies within the skull and vertebral canal

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2
Q

what is the spinal cord covered by

A

three different meninges
- dura mater
- arachnoid membrane
- pia mater

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3
Q

what are the different segments/ regions of the spinal cord

A
  • cervical
  • thoracic
  • lumbar
  • sacral
  • coccygeal
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4
Q

what does grey matter contain

A

neuron cell bodies and some axons

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5
Q

what does white matter contain

A

nerve axons

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6
Q

explain dorsal horn grey matter

A

found in the dorsal or posterior part of the spinal cord.
location of first order afferent neuron terminals
contains cell bodies of second order sensory neurons

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7
Q

explain ventral horn grey matter

A

ventral or anterior part of the spinal cord
contains cell bodies of motor neurons
motor neuron axons leave the cord via the ventral nerve roots

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8
Q

why is white matter grey

A

because it is stained for myelin and therefore appears dark.

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9
Q

how is white matter organised

A

into various groups of axons that serve particular functions

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10
Q

describue the regional differences in grey and white matter

A

cervical - more white than grey
thoracic - more white than grey
lumbar - more grey than white
sacral - more grey than white

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11
Q

describe the organisation of white and grey matter in the brain

A

the grey matter is on the outside

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12
Q

describe the organisation of white and grey matter on the spinal cord

A

the white matter surrounds the grey matter

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13
Q

what are the different regions of the brain

A

forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain

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14
Q

what is found within the forebrain

A

the cerebrum and diencephalon

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15
Q

what is found within the hindbrain

A

the pons, medulla oblongata and cerebellum

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16
Q

what does the midbrain control

A

visual and auditory reflexes
pain control

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17
Q

what does the hind brain control

A

vital centres, regulating breathing, heart, blood vessels, etc
also controls balance and posture

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18
Q

what is found in the forebrain diencephalon

A

thethalamus and the hypothalamus

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19
Q

what is the thalamus responsible for

A

sensory processing

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20
Q

what is the hypothalamus responsible for

A

homeostasis - thermoregulation
hormone production
associated with the pituitary gland
circadium rhythms
motivation
emotional responses and stress

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21
Q

what is the cerebrum responsible for

A

sensory and motor functions
language
memory
perceptions
sensory-motor integration
emotions

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22
Q

what form of matter is the cerebrum

A

grey

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23
Q

what form of matter is the corpus callosum

A

white

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24
Q

what are the different regions of the lateral surface of the brain

A

frontal lobe
parietal lobe
temperol lobe
occipital lobe

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25
Q

what is the function of the meninges surrounding the spinal cord

A

protection of the spinal cord

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26
Q

why is white matter white

A

fat content - comes from the myelination of the matter. myelin is responsible for the presence of white matter in the cns

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27
Q

where are cell bodies found in the cns

A

at the core of the spinal cord in two areas - the ventral horn at the front, and the dorsal horn at the back.

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28
Q

why does the outskirts of the spinal cord have white matter

A

due to axons bringing information up and down the spinal cord

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29
Q

give a summary on the dorsal grey horn

A

this is the posterior part of the spinal cord and is the location of first order afferent neuron terminals. the stain is for myelin and is found on white matter, which is white matter looks darker.

30
Q

give a summary on ventral horn grey matter

A

anterior portion of the spinal cord where the cell bodies of the motor neurons leave via ventral nerve roots.

31
Q

explain why there are reginal differences in the proportion of white and grey mattter in the spinal cord

A

every time you bring information or take it out, a cell body is needed. these generate grey matter.
every time information is gathered, it needs to travel all the way up the brain stem through the white matter

32
Q

in what section of the brain can strokes have an impact on cranial nerves

A

the base of the brain

33
Q

what is the most prominent neuron in the cerebral cortex

A

the pyramidal cells. they are efferent neurons that integrate sensory information and initiate motor responses

34
Q

describe the dura mater

A

tough and fibrous, forms the outermost covering of the spinal cord. contains dense collagen fibres.

35
Q

describe the arachnoid layer

A

this is the middle layer and is simple squamous epithelium

36
Q

describe the pia mater

A

meshwork of collagen and elastic fibres that band to underlying neural tissue

37
Q

what are nissl bodies

A

regions of RER clusters and free ribosomes in the cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus of neural cell bodies

38
Q

what is the perikalyon

A

the cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus of neural cell bodies

39
Q

what is the axolemma

A

the plasma membrane of the axon

40
Q

what are telodendria

A

the axon terminal branches

41
Q

where are axon terminals found

A

at the end of telodendria

42
Q

what do collaterals allow

A

single neurons to communicate with several other cells

43
Q

what are plexuses

A

interwoven networks of spinal nerves.

44
Q

what are the different structural classifications of neurons

A

anaxonic
bipolar
unipolar
multipolar

45
Q

what is an anaxonix neuron

A

has more than 2 processes and the axons are not obvious

46
Q

what is a bipolar neuron

A

two processes separated by cell bodies

47
Q

what is a unipolar neuron

A

a single long process

48
Q

what is a multipolar neuron

A

a single axon with multiple dendrites

49
Q

how long is the spinal cord usually

A

45 cm

50
Q

where is the amount of grey matter in the spinal cord greater

A

in the regions dedicated to sensory and motor control

51
Q

what are the different plexuses of the spinal cord

A

cervical
brachial
lumbosacral
sacral

52
Q

where does the cervical plexus run from

A

c1-c5

53
Q

where does the brachial plexus run from

A

c5-t1

54
Q

what does the cervical plexus innervate

A

the muscles of the neck and diaphragm

55
Q

what does the brachial plexus innervate

A

pectoral girdle and upper limbs

56
Q

what are the major nerves of the lumbosacral plexus

A

femoral, obturator, and saphenous nerve

57
Q

what are the major nerves of the sacral plexus

A

gluteal and sciatic nerves

58
Q

what are the major nerves of the cervical plexus

A
  • the lesser occipital nerve
  • great auricular nerve
  • trasnverse cervical nerve
  • supraciavicular nerve
  • phrenic nerve
59
Q

which region of the spinal cord contains cell bodies of the motor neurons

A

ventral horn grey matter

60
Q

which region of the spinal cord is the location of first afferent neuron terminals

A

dorsal horn grey matter

61
Q

what is found in the dorsal grey matter

A

first order afferent neuron terminals
cell bodies of second order sensory neurons

62
Q

what are second order neurons

A

neurons that receive synaptic input from efferent neurons and then provide this to the spinal cord - act as a bridge between the primary neuron and the spinal cord. does not directly receive or deliver stimulus from or to effectors

63
Q

what is the corpus callosum

A

large white matter tract that connects the two hemispheres of the brain and allows us to perceive depth and communicate

64
Q

what is the arachnoid trabeculae

A

the arachnoid trabeculae are the network of collagen and elastic fibres that extend between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater

65
Q
A

anaxonic neuron

66
Q
A

bipolar neuron

67
Q
A

interneuron

68
Q
A

motor neuron

69
Q
A

multipolar neuron

70
Q
A

sensory neuron

71
Q
A

unipolar neuron

Human Systems and Anatomy (54 decks)

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