The Endocrine System Part 2

Question 1

list the three main bodily functions the pituitary gland is involved in

Answer 1

growth, reproduction and metabolism

Question 2

what connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus

Answer 2

the infundibulum

Question 3

how many distinct lobes does the pituitary gland have

Answer 3

two distinct lobes

Question 4

what controls the hormones released by the pituitary gland

Answer 4

the hypothalamus

Question 5

what is the anterior pituitary gland made of

Answer 5

glandular epithelial tissue - adenohypophysis

Question 6

the hormones from the anterior pituitary are not secreted at a constant rate, what is the rate of secretion controlled by

Answer 6

the regulation is controlled by hypothalamic tropic hormones and feedback

Question 7

how is the anterior pituitary gland connected to the hypothalamus in terms of vessels

Answer 7

by a capillary-capillary connection

Question 8

what is the capillary-capillary connection linking the anterior pituitary gland to the hypothalamus called

Answer 8

the hypothalamic hypophyseal portal system

Question 9

how many peptide hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland

Answer 9

six peptide hormones

Question 10

are all the hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland tropic

Answer 10

no babes, some aren’t tropic

Question 11

list the six hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland

Answer 11

growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follice stimulating hormone, leutenizing hormone, prolactin

Question 12

what is another name for the growth hormone

Answer 12

somatotropin

Question 13

what is the function of the growth hormone/somatotropin

Answer 13

to regulate overall body growth and has important metabolic effects

Question 14

what is the function of the thyroid stimulating hormone

Answer 14

stimulate thyroid hormone secretion - promotes growth of the thyroid gland

Question 15

what is the function of the adrenocorticotropic hormone

Answer 15

stimulate cortisol secretion by the adrenal cortex and promotes the growth of the adrenal cortex

Question 16

what is the overall function of the follicle stimulating hormone

Answer 16

helps to regulate gamete production in both sexes

Question 17

what is the function of the follicle stimulting hormone in females

Answer 17

growth and development of ovarian follicles, secretion of oestrogen

Question 18

what is the function of the follicle stimulating hormone in males

Answer 18

sperm production

Question 19

what is the function of the leutenising hormone overall

Answer 19

helps control sex hormone secretion in both sexes

Question 20

what sex hormone does the leuenizing hormone help to control in females

Answer 20

oestrogen and progesterone by the ovaries

Question 21

what sex hormone does the leutenisizng hormone help to control in males

Answer 21

testosterone by testes

Question 22

what are some important actions leutenising hormone has in females other than just the control of oestrogen and progesterone by the ovaries

Answer 22

ovulation and luteinisation

Question 23

what function does prolactin have in males and females

Answer 23

in females it enhances breast development and lactation, in males the function is unknown

Question 24

the six anterior pituitary hormones are regulated by what

Answer 24

hypothalamic hormones and feedback from target organs

Question 25

what are somatotropes

Answer 25

Somatotropes (from the Greek sōmat meaning "body" and trophē meaning "nourishment; development") are cells in the anterior pituitary that produce growth hormone.

Question 26

what are thyrotropes

Answer 26

Thyrotropes (also called thyrotrophs) are endocrine cells in the anterior pituitary which produce thyroid stimulating hormone

Question 27

what are corticotropes

Answer 27

cells that secrete adrenocortiotropic hormone

Question 28

what are gondotropes

Answer 28

Gonadotropic cells are endocrine cells in the anterior pituitary that produce the gonadotropins, such as the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

Question 29

what are lactotropes

Answer 29

Prolactin cell (also known as epsilon acidophil, lactotrope, lactotropic cell, lactotroph, mammatroph, mammotroph) is a cell in the anterior pituitary which produces prolactin

Question 30

what type of tissue does the posterior pituitary gland have

Answer 30

nervous tissue - it is not as glandular as the anterior

Question 31

what is another name for the posterior pituitary gland - often called this because it isn't as glandular as the anterior pituitary gland

Answer 31

neurohypophysis

Question 32

the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary gland come together in what system

Answer 32

the neuroendocrine system

Question 33

how many peptide hormones does the posterior pituitary gland release

Answer 33

two

Question 34

what are the two peptide hormones the posterior pituitary gland releases

Answer 34

vasopressin/ADH and oxytocin

Question 35

how is vasopressin and oxytocin synthesised

Answer 35

by neuronal cell bodies in the hypothalamus

Question 36

where are the 2 peptide hormones from the posterior pituitary gland stored

Answer 36

in the posterior pituitary neuronal terminals

Question 37

how are the 2 peptide hormones, vasopressin and oxytocin released

Answer 37

independently released by exocytosis, carried through the blood

Question 38

how many adrenal glands are there in the body

Answer 38

two

Question 39

where are the adrenal glands situated

Answer 39

one on top of each kidney

Question 40

list the five different parts of the adrenal glands (sort of as in the layers lol)

Answer 40

capsule, zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis and the adrenal medulla

Question 41

what makes up the adrenal cortex of the adrenal gland

Answer 41

capsule, zona glomerulosa, zona fasciulata and the zona reticularis

Question 42

where are the steroid secreting cells of the adrenal glands found

Answer 42

in the adrenal cortex

Question 43

where are the catecholamine secreting cells found in the adrenal glands

Answer 43

in the medulla

Question 44

what are the catecholamine secreting cells called

Answer 44

chromaffin cells

Question 45

what are adrenocorticoids

Answer 45

the adrenocorticoids are the steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex

Question 46

what are the three types of adrenocorticoids

Answer 46

mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids and the sex hormones

Question 47

what is the primary mineralocorticoid

Answer 47

aldosterone

Question 48

where in the adrenal cortex is the mineralocorticoid aldosterone produced

Answer 48

in the zonae glomerulosa

Question 49

what is the function of the steroid hormone aldosterone

Answer 49

regulates na+ and k+ levels

Question 50

give an example of a glucocorticoid

Answer 50

cortison

Question 51

where in the adrenal cortex is cortisol produced

Answer 51

in the zonae fasciculata and the reticularis

Question 52

what is the function of the glucocorticoids such as cortisol

Answer 52

adaptation to stress, helps regulate fuel and metabolism

Question 53

when cortisol is released, what effect does it have

Answer 53

to increase plasma glucose, fatty acids and amino acids

Question 54

give an example of a sex hormone produced by the adrenal cortex

Answer 54

Dehydroepiandrosterone

Question 55

where exactly in the adrenal cortex are sex hormones such as dehydroepiandrosterone produced

Answer 55

in the zonae fasciculate and the reticularis

Question 56

what is the function of the sex hormones produced by the adrenal glands

Answer 56

to regulate reproductive function

Question 57

what do sex hormones produced by the adrenal glands such as Dehydroepiandrosterone do in females

Answer 57

sex drive and pubertal hair growth

Question 58

what do sex hormones produced by the adrenal glands such as dehydroepiandrosterone do in males

Answer 58

bone growth at puberty

Question 59

how are the adrenocorticoids regulated

Answer 59

rate of secretion regulated by controlling the rate of synthesis

Question 60

in which part of the adrenal glands are the catecholamines produced

Answer 60

in the adrenal medulla

Question 61

give the two catecholamines produced by the adrenal medulla

Answer 61

epinephrine (80%) and norepinephrine (20%)

Question 62

what is another name for epinephrine

Answer 62

adrenaline

Question 63

what are chromaffin cells

Answer 63

modified sympathetic post ganglionic neurons that secrete catecholamines

Question 64

what is the primary stimulus for secretion of chromaffin cells

Answer 64

activation of the sympathetic nervous system by stress

Question 65

in the neuroendocrine reflex, how are the catecholamine hormones released

Answer 65

released by exocytosis from the chromaffin granules

Question 66

list some functions of the catecholamines which are secreted by the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla

Answer 66

reinforce sympathetic nervous system as in the fight or flight response, increase blood pressure, metabolic functions such as increasing the plasma glucose and fatty acids

Question 67

describe the location of the pancreas

Answer 67

the pancreas sits across the back of the abdomen, behind the stomach. the head of the pancreas is on the right side of the abdomen and is connected to the duodenum through a tube called the pancreatic duct

Question 68

what are the two cells that make up the exocrine portion of the pancreas called

Answer 68

duct cells and acinar cells

Question 69

what do the duct cells of the pancreas secrete

Answer 69

the duct cells secrete aqueous NaHCO3 solution

Question 70

what do the acinar cells of the pancreas secrete

Answer 70

they secrete digestive enzymes

Question 71

what does the endocrine potion of the pancreas consist of

Answer 71

the endocrine portion of the pancreas consists of the Islets of Langerhans

Question 72

what do the islets of langerhans secrete

Answer 72

they secrete insulin and glucagon into the blood

Question 73

why is the exocrine portion of the pancreas called the exocrine potion

Answer 73

because it secretes through ducts,

Question 74

why is the endocrine portion of the pancreas called the endocrine potion

Answer 74

because it lacks ducts, it releases the secretory products directly into the blood

Question 75

the exocrine portion of the pancreas secretes pancreatic juice, what does its function relate to

Answer 75

function relates to the GIT

Question 76

what does the endocrine portion of the pancreas relate to

Answer 76

relates to glucose regulation

Question 77

what are the regions of the pancreas that contain the endocrine cells in the pancreas called

Answer 77

islets of langerhans

Question 78

roughly what percentage of mass of the pancreas do the islets of langerhans contribute to

Answer 78

1-2% of the total mass

Question 79

what three cells do the islets of langerhans contain

Answer 79

the pancreatic alpha cells, the pancreatic beta cells and the d cells

Question 80

what do the pancreatic beta cells secrete

Answer 80

insulin

Question 81

what do the pancreatic alpha cells secrete

Answer 81

glucagon

Question 82

what do the d cells in the islets of langerhans secrete

Answer 82

somatostatin

Question 83

what are insulin and glucagon involved in

Answer 83

the regulation of fuel metabolism

Question 84

what is anabolism

Answer 84

synthesis

Question 85

what is catabolism

Answer 85

breakdown

Question 86

to what is insulin secreted in response to

Answer 86

in response to high blood sugar

Question 87

when is glucagon released

Answer 87

when the concentration of glucose in the blood stream is too low. glucagon causes the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose which is released into the blood stream

Question 88

when is insulin released in terms of after or before eating

Answer 88

it is released after eating when there is an increased blood glucose so that synthesis of macromolecules can occur

Question 89

what happens between meals when there is low plasma glucose

Answer 89

the glucagon allows energy stores to be mobilised, in the catabolic state

Question 90

describe in three stages what insulin does to the blood glucose

Answer 90

when the blood glucose is high, beta cells release insulin which reduces the blood glucose

Question 91

describe in three stages what glucagon does to the blood glucose

Answer 91

when the blood glucose is low, alpha cells release glucagon, increasing the blood glucose

Question 92

insulin and glucagon can be referred to as antagonistic hormones, why is this

Answer 92

because they have opposite effects on the blood glucose

Question 93

what stimualtes the beta cells to secrete insulin

Answer 93

increased blood glucose DIRECTLY stimulates the beta cells to secrete insulin

Question 94

what is the process in which beta cells secrete insulin called

Answer 94

excitation-secretion coupling process

Question 95

what is the key molecule in the excitation-secretion coupling process

Answer 95

glucose

Question 96

what does the glucose, which is the key molecule in the excitation-secretion coupling process do

Answer 96

it initiates a series of events that change the membrane potential which in turn leads to insulin being secreted

Question 97

what type of mechanism is the excitation-secretion coupling process

Answer 97

the mechanism is of direct feedback

Question 98

when there is increased blood glucose, how does it enter the beta cell

Answer 98

via the GLUT-2 protein by facilitated diffusion

Question 99

once glucose has entered a beta cell via the glut-2 passive transporter protein, what happens to the glucose

Answer 99

it is phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate

Question 100

what does the oxidation of G6P generate

Answer 100

ATP

Question 101

The ATP generated by the oxidation of G6P acts on what

Answer 101

acts on atp-sensitive k+ channel causing the channel to close

Question 102

once the k+ channel is closed due to its sensitivity to ATP what happens to the permeability of K=

Answer 102

a decreased permeability, resulting in a lower efflux of K+ and the cell depolarises

Question 103

what does the depolarisation of a beta cell cause

Answer 103

depolarisation of a beta cell opens voltage gated ca+ channels increasing the amount of ca2+ ions entering

Question 104

what does the greater concentration of ca2+ ions in a betacell trigger

Answer 104

triggers exocytosis of insulin vesicles

Question 105

what is the greatest factor controlling insulin secretion

Answer 105

an increased blood glucose

Question 106

how do gastrointestinal hormones have a minor impact on the beta cells secreting insulin

Answer 106

well there are some gi hormones such as incretins which stimulate the beta cells to secrete insulin

Question 107

how does food intake increase the beta cells secreting insulin

Answer 107

food intake causes parasympathetic stimulation

Question 108

how does sympathetic stimulation decrease the amount of insulin secreted by the beta cells

Answer 108

symppathetic stimulation is opposite to the rest and digest and releases epinephrine

Question 109

does an increased blood amino acid concentration increase or decrease the amount of insulin secreted by the beta cell

Answer 109

increase

Question 110

does insulin increase or decrease blood glucose

Answer 110

decrease

Question 111

does insulin increase or decrease blood fatty acids

Answer 111

decrease

Question 112

does insulin increase or decrease blood amino acids

Answer 112

decrease

Question 113

does insulin increase or decrease protein synthesis

Answer 113

increase

Question 114

does insulin increase or decrease fuel storage

Answer 114

increase