The Genetic Code Flashcards

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1
Q

According to the “Central Dogma”

A
  • DNA needs to be translated into protein somehow
  • Concern is that DNA is stuck in the nucleus
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2
Q

Solution to the “Central Dogma”

A

The message on DNA is copied first onto another molecule

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3
Q

Transcription

A

Process by which the codon base sequence on DNA is copied onto an mRNA molecule so that the code can be carried out into the cytoplasm

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4
Q

What is a codon?

A
  • A sequence of 3 base pairs
  • Codes for one amino acid
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5
Q

Translation

A
  • Process by which codons on mRNA are converted into amino acids
  • Eventually join together to make a protein
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6
Q

How many combinations of codons are there?

A

64

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7
Q

Why was the code said to be “Redundant” or “Degenerate”

A

Because there are 20 amino acids so several codons code for the same amino acid

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8
Q

Why is the code no longer called “Redundant” or “Degenerate”

A

Because this avoids issues when some types of substitution mutations occur

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9
Q

mRNA=

A

Messenger RNA

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10
Q

What is mRNA?

A
  • Product of DNA transcription and is complementary to the DNA template
  • Goes into the cytoplasm
  • Binds to a ribosome
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11
Q

tRNA=

A

Transfer RNA

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12
Q

What is tRNA?

A
  • Brings in amino acids to ribosomes according to the mRNA codons
  • Folded up version of RNA
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13
Q

Parts of tRNA

A
  • amino acid acceptor site
  • mRNA binding site
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14
Q

What is an anticodon?

A

It is complementary to mRNA codes

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15
Q

rRNA=

A

Ribosomal RNA

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16
Q

What is rRNA?

A
  • A two-part molecule that makes up ribosomes
17
Q

What are the two parts of a ribosome?

A
  • Heavy Subunit
  • Light Subunit
18
Q

RNA polymerase I

A
  • Makes rRNA
  • Made in nucleolus and shipped out
19
Q

RNA Polymerase II

A
  • Makes mRNA
  • Made in nucleus and shipped out
20
Q

RNA Polymerase III

A
  • Makes tRNA
  • Made in nucleus and shipped out
21
Q

Prokaryotes…

A
  • Have no nuclei
  • DNA is not separate from ribosomes
  • Transcription and translation occur quickly
22
Q

Where does transcription occur in eukaryotes

A
  • In the nucleus and mRNA must be modified before leaving it
23
Q

Where does translation occur in eukaryotes?

A
  • In the cytoplasm
  • At the ribosomes