The heart 2

Question 1

Pericardium Serous membranes of the heart

Answer 1

• Parietal pericardium
• Parietal cavity
• Visceral pericardium

Question 2

Parietal pericardium

Answer 2

• Superficial (close to body cavity)
• Pericardial sac
• Tough fibrous CT

Question 3

Pericardial cavity

Answer 3

• Space between parietal and visceral mem

- Pericardial fluid (reduces friction & creates a vacum)

Question 4

Visceral pericardium

Answer 4

• Deeper (touches the organs)
• Epicardium
• Simple squamous epithelium overlying areolar CT

Question 5

Cardiac muscle

Answer 5

• short branched cells
• 1 nucleus/cell
• striations
• involuntary

Question 6

Cardia muscle

Answer 6

• Intercalated disc
• Glycogen
• Myoglobin
• Lots of Myochondria

Question 7

Intercalated discs

Answer 7

Cardiac muscle

• gap junctions
  
  • Allow rapid electrical transmissions
• Desmosomes
  
  • Prevent cells from separating

Question 8

Glycogen

Answer 8

• Cardiac muscle

- Converted to glucose/ catabolized

Question 9

Myoglobin

Answer 9

• Cardiac muscle

- Stores oxygen

Question 10

The Heart Valves

Answer 10

• Atrioventricular (AV) valves
• Aortic valve
• Semilunar valves
• Pulmonary valve

Question 11

Atrioventricular Valves

Answer 11

• Right AV (tricuspid)
• Left AV (bicuspid or mitral)
• Regulate the opening between atria and ventricles

Question 12

Semilunar valves

Answer 12

• Pulmonary and aortic valves

- Regulate the blood flow form the ventricles into the opening of the great arteries.

Question 13

Pulmonary valve

Answer 13

-Controls the opening from the right ventricle in to the pulmonary trunk

Question 14

Aortic valve

Answer 14

-Controls the opening from the left ventricle in to the aorta

Question 15

Muscle twitch

Answer 15

-single contraction of skeletal muscle. T
3 phases
 -latent
  -contraction
  -relaxation.

Question 16

Latent

Answer 16

Muscle twitch

-Is the interval from the stimulus application until the muscle begins to contract (shorten)

Question 17

Contraction

Answer 17

Muscle twitch

-This phase is when the muscle fibers shorten, the tracings will show during this phase (a) peak(s).

Question 18

Relaxation

Answer 18

Muscle twitch

• muscle is going back to its original state of relaxation and the muscle will once again lengthen
• Downward curve`

Question 19

Layers of the heart wall

Answer 19

• Visceral pericardium (Epicardium)
• Myocardium
• Endocardium

Question 20

Epicardium

Answer 20

• Serous membrane of the external H surface
• Simple squamous epithelium
• Largest branches of coronary BV travel through
• Outer layer

Question 21

Myocardium

Answer 21

• Made of Cardiac muscle cells (Cardiocytes)

- between Epi and endo

Question 22

Endocardium

Answer 22

• Inner layer
• Covers valve surfaces and its continous with Endothelium of BV.
• Simple squamous epithelium

Question 23

EKG

Answer 23

ECG
P wave
QRS complex
T wave

Question 24

Pave

Answer 24

• Chambers-Both Atria
• Elect event- Depolarizing
• Muscle event- Systole
• Blood flow- Ejected

Question 25

QRS complex

Answer 25

(Atira repolarizes) - Chambers- Both ventricles - Elect event- Depolarizing - Muscle event- Systole - Blood flow- Ejected

Question 26

Twave

Answer 26

- Chambers-Both Ventricles - Elect event- Repolarizing - Muscle event- Diastole - Blood flow- Filling

Question 27

Depolarization

Answer 27

Electrical event | -Na & Ca influence

Question 28

Repolarization

Answer 28

Electrical event - Return to resting membrane potential - K exits

Question 29

SA node Function in EKG

Answer 29

-Spreads through the atria and depolarizes them

Question 30

AV delay (purpose)

Answer 30

- Allows both ventricles to relax and be refilled by the contracting atria. - After delay, the ventricles contract and force blood into the aorta (systemic circulation).

Question 31

EGK measures

Answer 31

- Amplifies the electrical currents if the heart by means of electrodes apply to the skin. - Composite recording of all action potentials produced by a nodal and myocardial cell

Question 32

EKG used for

Answer 32

-To diagnose abnormalities in the conduction pathways, myocardial infraction, enlargement of the heart and electrolyte and hormone imbalance.

Question 33

Parasympathetic effect on Heart

Answer 33

- Muscarinic | - Decrease Hr

Question 34

Sympathetic effect on Heart

Answer 34

beta 1 - Increase HR - Beats more effective

Question 35

Sympathetic NS Control in Heart

Answer 35

- Control ctr- Cardioaccelatory center - Receptor in H- Beta adrenergic (NE) - Ion channel- Incr. Ca in cardiocytes - Elec event- Depolarization

Question 36

Parasympathethic Control in Heart

Answer 36

- Control ctr- Cardio inhibitory Ctr - Receptor in H- Muscarinic (ACh) - Ion channel- decrease K in cardiocytes - Elect event- hyperpolarization

Question 37

Chronotorpic agents/ Conditions

Answer 37

- Affect Hr (K+) - hypercalcemia - Inhibits repolarization (slow Hr) - Hypocalcemia - Depo. more diff. due to Hyperpolarization (slow Hr)

Question 38

Iontropic agents/ situations

Answer 38

- Affect force of contraction - Hypercalcemia - Slow Hr, more forceful contraction (digitalis) - Hypocalcemia - weaker contraction