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Pyschology A-Level > The Nervous and the Endocrine System > Flashcards

The Nervous and the Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

now to begin lightly
have a look at showbie
look for the human nervous system diagram
and memorise it

A

good fuckin luck

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2
Q

Can u talk abt the brain pls in the central nervous system

A

Main job is to ensure that life is maintained
Many parts of brain, some of which are concerned with vital funcitoning and others which are involved in processes such as problem solving and higher order thinking

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3
Q

Now pls talk abt the spinal cord
iM shY

A

Facilitates the transferral of messages to and from the brain to the PNS (peripheral nervous system)
Also involved in reflex actions

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4
Q

alr i decided to be nice n right out the nervous system 4 u
ur fuckin welco0me BE GRATEFUL N GIMME DEM KIDNEYS

A

HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM
-CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM = BRAIN, SPINAL CORD
-PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM = SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM, AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM = SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM, PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

now if that still doesnt make sense look up a fuckin diagram idgaf

also i love u and i cherish u
but fuck off

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5
Q

Now pls talk abt the PNS
NOT MA PMS HOW DARE U U KNOW I WANT BREAD

A

Transmits messages via millions of neurons (nerve cells), to and from CNS

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6
Q

What is the PNS sub-divided into

A

-Somatic nervous system (SNS)
-Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

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7
Q

Now talk abt the somatic nervous system (SNS) u lil shit

A

Part of PNS that is responsible for carrying sensory and motor info to and from spinal cord

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8
Q

What is the SNS made up of

A

Made up of 12 pairs of cranial nerves from brain and 31 pairs of spinal nerves from spinal cord and all of their branches

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9
Q

Time for the autonomic nervous system (ANS) pleaseee
yes ive decided to take the nice approach now

A

Governs vital functions in body such as breathing, heart rate, digestion, sexual arousal and stress responses (fight-or-flight)

YH FIGHT ME BITCHES ARHHH I AINT RUNNING I AINT NO BITCH

ive decided the nice approach does not work
it is not sustainable

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10
Q

What has defecation got to do w fight or flight

A

Fun fact from Miss Airs
When u in fight or flight u will often piss or shit cos ur body needs to b as light as possible to fight or run
Thats why when u rlly scared u embarrass the fuck out of urself <3

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11
Q

Differences between fight-or-flight and rest-and-digest

A

FOF = generally prepares body to expend energy for FOF
RAD = generally, maintains and conserves body energy and functions

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12
Q

Name some shit what happens to your gut, heart, eye and lungs (some organs ig) in sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
hint: they oppose

A

GUT, SNS = slows digestion, PSNS = increases digestion
HEART, SNS = increases heart rate, PSNS = decreases heart rate
EYE, SNS = dilates pupils, PSNS = constricts pupils
LUNGS, SNS = dilates bronchi, PSNS = constricts bronchi

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13
Q

What part of the nervous system signals fight or flight

A

Sympathetic nervous system

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14
Q

What is a gland

A

Organ in the body that synthesises substances such as hormones

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15
Q

What is homeostasis u lil bio expert

A

The maintenance of a constant internal environment within the body

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16
Q

What is the endocrine system

A

One of the body’s major info systems that instructs glands to slowly release hormones directly into the bloodstream

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17
Q

What are hormones

A

Chemical substances that circulate in the bloodstream, their effects on behaviour can be very powerful

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18
Q

What is the pituitary gland also knows as

A

Master gland

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19
Q

What do adrenal glands do

A

Release adrenaline directly into bloodstream
Prepares body for fight or flight by constricting blood vessels to stomach
Inhibits digestion and increases heart rate

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20
Q

What do pineal glands do

A

ha
penial
pEniSS

Produces and secretes hormone melatonin
Which regulates biological rhythms such as sleep and wake cycles

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21
Q

Talk about the thyroid gland pls

A

Produces hormones that regulate the body’s metabolic rate As well as:
-Heart and digestive function
-Muscle control
-Brain development
-Mood

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22
Q

Tell me abt testes
do it
slowly

A

Facilitates release of male hormones
Testosterone
ik boring
but say it slowly

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23
Q

Talk about ovaries
NOW

A

Facilitates release of female hormones oestrogen and progesterone

now if i was listening correctly
jumanji is her sister

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24
Q

Where is pituitary gland

A

Base of the brain

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25
What control the pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
26
What are the 2 parts of the pituitary gland
Anterior lobe Posterior lobe
27
Which part of the pituitary gland releases ACTH as a response to stress
Anterior
28
ACTH stimulates which glands to produce which hormone
Adrenal glands Cortisol
29
What does the posterior pituitary release which is important in childbirth
Oxytocin Labour and delivery and lactation Feel less pain and fall in love w baby terrifying
30
Where are the adrenal glands
Top of each kidney
31
What is the outer part of the adrenal called
Adrenal cortex
32
What is the inner part of the adrenal gland called
Adrenal medulla
33
What does a low level of cortisol lead to
Fatigue Dizziness Weight loss Muscle weakness Mood changes Darkening regions of the skin - sounds a tad racially motivated to me
34
What 2 hormones does the adrenal medulla produce and what does each of those hormones do in a stressful situation
Adrenaline - fight or flight Noradrenaline - released b4 adrenaline to help start FOF
35
Which cells do hormones affect?
Target cells u guessed it
36
i just wanna take a moment to apologise for the biological overload that u r probably used to that elishka is probably very slow at
so pls continue to b patient w her girlie is trying her best
37
What do ovaries produce
Oestrogen Progesterone Eggs
38
What hormone is produced by the testes
Testosterone
39
Now describe how ur body gets ready from hypothalamus when u stressed
TEARS nah Hypothalamus Stimulates adrenal medulla...Stimulates pitui. to release ACTH Releases adrenaline...Stimulates adrenal cortex Gets ready for FOF...Releases cortisol Physiological reactions,e.g.heart rate...Liver releases energy and immune system is suppressed now if that diagram doesnt make sense look at showbie diagram u ungrateful lil shits
40
What is a -ve evaluation of the endocrine and nervous system regarding gender bias (beta-bias)
Gender differences in how males and females respond to stress Taylor et al 2000 = found that men usually react to stress with a 'fight or flight' but women may show a 'tend and befriend' response Oxytocin (secreted in both men and women) as a response to stress has been shown to make people less anxious and more sociable However, male hormones reduce the effects of oxytocin but female hormone oestrogen amplifies it Therefore men are more vulnerable to adverse health effects of stress and more likely to develop stress related disorders (hypertension and CHD) In contrast, women are more likely to 'tend and befriend' and this may protect women against stress and this may explain why women live on average 7.5 yrs longer than men thank fuck
41
What is another negative evaluation of this to do with reductionism
Second weakness of physiological approach to stress is that its reductionist A person's response depends on a number of different factors These include the types of stressor involved, and the way the person interprets (cognitively) the threat This suggests that this approach may present an oversimplified explanation
42
What is the function of the sensory neuron
Unipolar neurons - only transmit messages Carries messages from the PNS to the brain and spinal cord (CNS)
43
What are the length of the fibres of sensory neurons
Long dendrites Short axons
44
What is the function of the relay (interconnecting) neuron
Multipolar neurons - send and receive messages Transfers messages from sensory neurons to other interconnecting neurons or motor neurons
45
What are the length of the fibres of the relay neuron
Short dendrites Short/long axons
46
What is the function of the motor neuron
Multipolar neurons - send and receive messages Carries messages from the CNS to effectors such as muscles and glands
47
What are the length of the fibres of the motor neuron
Short dendrites Long axons
48
go look at the labelled diagram of a motor neuron u paedophile
and the other 2 while u on it
49
Cell body
Includes nucelus
50
i spelt nucleus wrong. my bad Nucleus
Control centre of a cell, which contains the cell's chromosomal DNA
51
Terminal buttons
Send signals to an adjacent cell
52
Myelin sheath
Insulates and protects axon from external influences that might effect the transmission of the nerve impulse down the axon
53
Nodes of ravier
Speed up transmission of the impulse by forcing it to 'jump'
54
Axon
Where electrical signals pass along
55
Process of synaptic transmission
Nerve impulse travels down an axon Nerve impulse reaches synaptic terminal This triggers the release of neurotransmitters The neurotransmitters are fired into the synaptic gap Neurotransmitter binds with receptors on the dendrite of the adjacent neuron If successfully transmitted the neurotransmitter is taken up by the post-synaptic neuron The message will continue to be passed in this way via electrical impulses
56
now figure out an acronym 4 that
all ive got is never neglected tim talks normally in toes i dont think it works that well
57
Talk abt the reflex arc
A stimulus like hammer hitting knee is detected by sense organs in PNS Conveys message along a sensory neuron Message reaches nervous system where it connects with a relay neuron Then transfers message to a motor neuron Then carries message to an effector such as a muscle, which causes the muscle to contract and, hence, the knee move or jerk
58
When does action potential occur
When a neuron sends info down an axon away from the cell body
59
What is action potential
An explosion of electrical activity Means some event (stimulus) causes the resting potential to move forward
60
What is the resting state
Inside is negatively charged to the outside
61
What is the activated state
Inside is positively charged causing action potential
62
In what case do we want the re uptake of neurotransmitters
W serotonin das why ppl take SSRIs do we remember what that is no i didnt think so
63
What are neurotrasmitters should probs start there
Chemicals that are released from a synaptic vesicle into the synapse by neurons Affect the transfer of an impulse to another nerve or muscle These are "taken back up" into the terminal buttons of neurons through the process of reuptake Or they are broken down by an enzyme
64
What are the 2 types of neurotransmitters
Excitatory (excited) Inhibitory (stopping) i however am arousary
65
What are the differences between excitation and inhibitory
E ACh Adrenaline I Serotonin GABA
66
What is the difference in action of excitation and inhibition
Difference lies in action of the neurotransmitter at the postsynaptic receptor E = make more likely next neuron will fire (like acetylcholine) I = make it less likely next neuron will fire (like GABA) Normal brain function depends upon a regulated balance between excitatory and inhibitory influences
67
Talk abt them e and i neurotransmitters in terms of charge
If neurotransmitter is excitatory then post synaptic neuron is more likely to fire an impulse as the neurotransmitter increases the +ve charge (once +ve charge reaches threshold, depolarisation occurs and post synaptic neuron fires) If neuron transmitter is inhibitory then the post synaptic neuron is less likely to fire an impulse as it increases the -ve charge (neurotransmitter needs to keep the charge below threshold so that depolarisation does not occur and thus the post synaptic neuron will not fiire)
68
What is a summation
Excitatory and inhibitory influences are summed if net effect on post-synaptic neuron is inhibitory, neuron will be less likely to fire and if net effect is excitatory, neuron will be more likely to fire

Pyschology A-Level (59 decks)

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