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[Y1] Anatomy and Physiology > The nervous system > Flashcards

The nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

what 2 systems are responsible for internal communication?

A
  • nervous system (rapid system)
  • endocrine system (slower, more precise system)
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2
Q

what is the nervous system?

A

The nervous system detects and responds to changes inside and outside the body, to maintain homeostasis (along with the endocrine system).

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3
Q

what are the 4 functions of the nervous system?

A
  • sensory perception
  • cognitive function
  • motor functions
  • regulatory function
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4
Q

what is sensory perception?

A

an awareness of internal and external environments

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5
Q

what are cognative functions?

A

ability to process thought, encapsulating memory, learning, comprehending, speaking

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6
Q

what are the 5 things regulated by the regulatory system?

A
  • emotions
  • appetite
  • heart rate
  • breathing
  • temperature
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7
Q

what 2 things does the nervous system consist of?

A

central and peripheral nervous systems

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8
Q

what 2 things does hte CNS consist of anatomically?

A

brain and spinal cord

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9
Q

what 3 things does the CNS onsist of functionally?

A
  • recieves input
  • intergrated stimuli
  • triggers a response to stimuli
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10
Q

what 3 things does the PNS consist of anatomically?

A
  • spinal nerves
  • cranial nerves
  • autonomic nerves (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
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11
Q

what 2 things does the PNS do functionally?

A
  • transmits the input (sensory)
  • transmits the response (motor)
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12
Q

how much does the brain weigh?

A

1.4kg

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13
Q

how is the CNS protected from damage?

A

-bones (skull, vertebrae)
-meninges (membranous coverings of the brain and spinal cord)

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14
Q

how does the waugh and grant book divide the human brain?

A

cerebrum, diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus), brain stem and cerebellum

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15
Q

how does the aspinell and capello book divie the canine brain?

A

forebrain (cerebrum), mid brain and hind brain (brain stem and cerebellum)

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16
Q

how do we divide the brain (functionally)?

A

cerebrum, limbic system, central core

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17
Q

give another name for the central core

A

reptile brain

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18
Q

what is the role of the central core?

A
  • Controls basic life processes e.g. heart and breathing rate, and processes sensory input (en route to the thalamus).
  • found in all vertebrates
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19
Q

what does the limbic system regulate?

A

Regulates emotion and memory. Survival depends on avoiding nasty things and repeating nice things.

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20
Q

what is the role of the cerebrum?

A

the “thinking” part (cognition), regulates complex processing (motor control) as well as olfactory inputs.

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21
Q

what is the cerebrum well developed in?

A

primates

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22
Q

what is the limbic system well developed in?

A

mammals

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23
Q

what is the largest part of the human brain?

A

cerebrum

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24
Q

what are gyri?

A

elevated ridges

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25
Q

what are sulci?

A

small grooves

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26
Q

what are fissures?

A

deep grooves

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27
Q

what are the 4 lobes of the cerebrum?

A
  • frontal
  • parietal
  • temporal
  • occipital
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28
Q

what is the cerebral cortex?

A

Outermost layer of grey matter (neuronal cell bodies)

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29
Q

what is the cerebral medulla?

A

Inner layer of white matter (myelinated axons)

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30
Q

what is the corpus callosum?

A

only connection between the 2 hemispheres

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31
Q

what is the the frontal lobe?

A

motor cortex: voluntary movement

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32
Q

what is in the parietal lobe?

A
  • Somatosensory cortex: General sensory perception
  • Taste area
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33
Q

what is in the temperal lobe?

A
  • Auditory area
  • Olfactory area
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34
Q

what is in the occipital lobe?

A
  • visual area
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35
Q

what is the somatosensory cortex depicted as?

A

sensory homonculus

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36
Q

what is the motor cortex depicted as?

A

motor homonculus

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37
Q

what are the 2 neurones that carry motor impulses from the brain to the skeletal muscle called?

A
  • upper motor neurone (UMN)
  • lower motor neurone (LMN)
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38
Q

what are the 3 neurones that carry sensation from skin to brain?

A
  • primary sensory neurone (PNS)
  • secondary sensory neurone (CNS)
  • tertiary sensory neurone (CNS)
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39
Q

what are the 3 parts of the central core?

A
  • thamamus
  • brain stem
  • cerebellum
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40
Q

how much of the cardiac output does the brain recieve?

A

15%

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41
Q

what is autoregulation of the brain?

A

ability of an organ to regulate its own blood flow to preserve ideal pressure and flow (systemic BP can vary between 65 and 140mmHg without affecting cerebral blood pressure)

42
Q

what is the function of the circle of willis?

A

ensures good blood supply

43
Q

What is CSF?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colourless liquid that:
- Cushions
- Delivers nutrients / removes waste
- Maintains constant pressure

44
Q

what are the human vertebrae?

A

C1 to L1/2

45
Q

what is grey matter?

A

neuronal cell bodies

46
Q

what is white matter?

A

myelinated axons arranged in tracts (columns)

47
Q

what is the role of eripheral sensory and motor nerves?

A

These can form an involuntary spinal reflex arc/loop
- Usually protective
- Can sometimes be over-ridden
- Doesn’t involve the higher centres (brain) and so can assess both the CNS (spinal cord) and PNS

48
Q

what are the 2 types of cells in nervous tissue?

A
  • neurones
  • neuroglia
49
Q

what are the 4 types of glial cells?

A
  • Astrocytes: BBB
  • Oligodendrocytes: Myelin
  • Ependymal cells: CSF
  • Microglia: Phagocytes
50
Q

what cells support the excitable neurons in the CNS?

A

non-excitable glial cells

51
Q

what are neurons?

A

nerve cells

52
Q

what 4 things make up a neurone?

A
  • cell body
  • 1 axon
  • many dendrites
  • axon hillock
53
Q

can neurones divide?

A

no

54
Q

what do the cell body of neurones form?

A

the grey matter of the nervous system

55
Q

what do the axons of the neurones form?

A

the white matter of hte nervous system

56
Q

what is the function of the axon?

A

carry impulses away from cell body

57
Q

what are bundles of axons in the central nervous system called?

A

tracts

58
Q

what are nerves?

A

bundles of axons in the peripheral nervous system

59
Q

what is the function of the myelin sheaths?

A
  • Oligodendrocytes (CNS) or Schwann cells (PNS) produce fatty myelin to insulate electrical conduction
  • Fast conduction from node to node
60
Q

what are the 2 main functions of neurones?

A
  • rapid transmission of nerve impulses
  • transmission of impulses is both electrical and chemical
61
Q

what are electrical impulses called?

A

action potentials

61
Q

what are synapses?

A

Chemical transmission between adjacent neurones

62
Q

what is an impulse?

A

a wave of movement of ions across the nerve cell membrane

63
Q

what is required for electrical impulses?

A

the co-ordinated opening and closing of ion channels to change the electrical potential across the membrane (sodium and potassium)

64
Q

explain the sodium-potassium pump

A
  • The sodium-potassium pump uses energy to pump 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in. This balances the osmotic pressures and prevents the cells from swelling and popping.
  • Therefore, at rest sodium concentration is much higher outside and potassium much higher inside.
65
Q

give the 5 steps of an action potential?

A
  1. at rest, the inside of the nerve cell is more negative (Na+ higher outside, K+ lower inside)
  2. an electrical impulse opens sodium channels (allows Na+. to flow into cell)
  3. causes a wave of depolarisation (inside becomes more positive from the Na+ entering)
  4. once it’s reached it’s peak sodium channels close and potassium chanels open to allow for repolariation (K+ leaves the cell)
  5. potassium channels close (back to resting potential)
66
Q

what is nernst equation used to calculate?

A

the membrane potential

67
Q

what initates the action potentials

A

axon hillock

68
Q

what is simple propagation?

A
  • Wave of positive charge sweeps along an axon (opening sodium channels as it goes) causing simple propagation
  • One-way transmission is ensured because of the time it takes for repolarisation to occur
  • The thicker the axon, the faster the conduction
69
Q

what is the function of fatty myelin in myelinated neurons?

A

the fatty myelin insulates the neurone and prevents movement of ions

70
Q

how do electrical changes happen if the ions can’t move?

A
  • Electrical changes can only occur at the gaps (Nodes of Ranvier)
  • The wave of depolarisation passes along the myelin sheath and seems to jump from node to node (saltatory conduction)
71
Q

what 2 things effect conduction in nerve fibres?

A

dependant on both diameter and myelination

72
Q

what is it called where 2 neurones meet?

A

synapse

73
Q

what is needed to convey an impulse from one neuron to the next?

A

chemical conduction

74
Q

what are chemical messengers called?

A

neurotransmitters

75
Q

what does an excitatory neurotransmitter trigger?

A

triggers an action potential

76
Q

what do inhibitory transmitters do?

A

inhibit action potential

77
Q

what are nerves?

A

Nerves are bundles of neurones in the PNS (bundles in the CNS are known as tracts)

78
Q

nerves can be …

A
  • sensory (afferent)
  • motor (efferent)
  • mixed
79
Q

what is different about snesory nerves?

A

Sensory neurones have specialised receptors that respond to different stimuli and carry that info to the spinal cord ( brain or reflex arc)

80
Q

what do the afferent sensory fibres transmit impulses for?

A
  • Sensations (hunger, thirst, nausea, sexual sensation, rectal and bladder distension)
  • Visceral reflexes (cough, blood pressure (baroreceptors), respiration (chemoreceptors))
  • Visceral pain (ischaemia / inflammation, over-contraction, over-distension)
81
Q

where do upper motor neurones transmit messages from and to?

A

from brain to level in spinal cord

82
Q

where do lower motor neurones transmit messages from and to?

A

from spinal cord to muscles

83
Q

what is a motor neuron?

A

the functional element of muscle contraction

84
Q

where do the parasympathetic neurones exit?

A

either the brain (cranial outflow) or the spinal cord (sacral outflow)

85
Q

where do sympathetic neurones exit?

A
  • The spinal cord at each level from T1 to L2
  • These form the sympathetic chain either side of the vertebrae.
86
Q

what does the strength of a muscle contraction depend upon?

A

the number of muscle fibres supplied by a single neurone

87
Q

what are mixed nerves?

A

In the PNS, sensory and motor nerves are enclosed within the same sheath (mixed nerves)

88
Q

inpingment of a peripheral nerve causes what?

A

cause both sensory (pain, P&Ns) and motor (weakness, atrophy) symptoms

89
Q

what is the pain-gate theory?

A

firing of large diameter (faster) tactile fibres (Abeta) blocks transmission of pain impulses carried in smaller diameter (slower) fibres (A∂, C)

90
Q

what does the peripheral nervous system consist of?

A
  • 31 pairs of spinal nerves
  • 12 pairs of cranial nerves
  • The autonomic nervous system (ANS)
91
Q

what are the 31 spinal nerves divided into?

A
  • 8 cervical
  • 12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
  • 5 sacral
  • 1 coccygeal
92
Q

what are plexuses?

A

Groups of spinal nerves where the nerve fibres regroup and branch before supplying skin, bones, muscles and joints

93
Q

where is the median nerve?

A

thumb side of hand

94
Q

where is the ulnar nerve?

A

little finger side of hand

95
Q

where is the radial nerve

A

back of arm

96
Q

where is the femoral nerve?

A

front of thigh

97
Q

where is obturator nerve?

A

inner thigh

98
Q

where is the sciatic nerve

A

back of leg (thickest nerve in the body)

99
Q

what is the function of the vagus nerve?

A

Carries parasympathetic motor and sensory innervation to lots of viscera (rest and digest).
- Smooth muscle contraction
- Secretory glands
- Sensory from organs

100
Q

what does the autonomic nervous system control?

A

controls involuntary functions

101
Q

what are the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • sympathetic (fight/flight/freeze)
  • parasympathetic (rest and digest (restore/recover))

[Y1] Anatomy and Physiology (23 decks)

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