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Manual Level 1 Exam > The Nervous System (Anatomy) > Flashcards

The Nervous System (Anatomy) Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of the frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobe?

A

p 25

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2
Q

what is the function of the motor cortex, premotor cortex, brocas area, somesthetic cortex, visual area, auditory area, wernicke’s area, short term memory area, pre-frontal area?

A

p 25/26

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3
Q

what is the role of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and subthalamus?

A

p 26

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4
Q

brain stem - structures and functions (include cranial nerves)

A

p 27

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5
Q

pons - structures and functions (include cranial nerves)

A

p 27

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6
Q

medulla oblongata - structures and functions (include cranial nerves)

A

p 27

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7
Q

reticular formation - structures and functions (include cranial nerves)

A

p 27

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8
Q

cerebellum - structures and functions (include cranial nerves)

A

p 27

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9
Q

spinal cord - structures and functions (grey vs white mater)

A

p 28

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10
Q

difference btw peripheral nerves and nerve roots

A

p 28/29

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11
Q

describe the NS blood supply

A

p 28

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12
Q

describe the NS CSF

A

p 29

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13
Q

describe pia vs arachnoid vs dura mater (thickness, vascularization, etc) and also subarachnoid space and epidural space

A

p 30/31

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14
Q

describe the different types of nerve connective tissue

A

p 31/32

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15
Q

where is conduction vs nutrients transferred in the nerve?

A

p 32

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16
Q

describe the process of axoplasmic flow

A

p 33

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17
Q

describe the process of neurotransmitter replacement (is trophic or neurotransmitter malnourisment first to be noticable?)

A

p 33

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18
Q

what is interruption of axoplasmic flow (describe double crush syndrome, common sites of compression, what impairs first protein flow or electrical conduction)

A

p 34

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19
Q

describe non-myelinated nerve conduction vs myelinated

A

p 34-36

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20
Q

what does conduction velocity depend on?

A

p 37

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21
Q

what are the types of nerve conduction?

A

p 37

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22
Q

Describe electrical vs chemical synapses

A

P 38/39

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23
Q

What are the 4 categories that house 30 types of neurotransmitters ?

A

Acetylcholine
Amines
Amino acids
Peptides

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24
Q

Describe the excitatory vs inhibitory effect of neurotransmitters. It depends on what factors?

A

P 39

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25
Q

Describe the types of neurotransmitters and their location and function

A

P 40

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26
Q

Describe neurotransmitter release

A

P 40

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27
Q

Describe neurotransmitter synthesis

A

P 41

28
Q

Describe what happens at the post-synaptic neuron

A

P 41

29
Q

Describe the processes: pre-synaptic inhibition, summation, neuronal facilitation, and synaptic fatigue

A

P 41-43

30
Q

What are exteroreceptors vs enteroreceptors?

A

P 44

31
Q

What are the 5 types of sensory receptors?

A 
Mehano 
Thermo
Chemo
Electromagnetic
Noci
32
Q

How does a mehano thermo and electromagnetic receptor respond to stimuli?

A

P 44

33
Q

Describe what differential sensitivity means

A

P 44-45

34
Q

Describe thermal perception and types of receptors

A

P 45

35
Q

Describe spatial summation in terms of thermoreceptors

A

P 46

36
Q

Describe the neural pathways for thermoreceptors

A

P 46

37
Q

Where are mechanoreceptors located? From what location is proprioception received when the body segment is at end range vs mid range of motion?

A

P 46/47

38
Q

Classification of mexhanoreceptor table

A

P 47

39
Q

Erlanger and gasser vs Lloyd classification of mechanoreceptors

A

P 48

40
Q

Wyke’s classification of articulation receptors

A

P 49

41
Q

Describe the 2 main mechanisms for receptor adaptation and also how long it takes certain receptors to adapt

A

P 50

42
Q

Describe the transmission pathways for the different mechanoreceptors

A

P 51/52

43
Q

What is the thalamus role in mechanoreception?

A

P 52

44
Q

What is the cortex role in mechanoreception? Cotricofugal pahway

A

P 53

45
Q

Pain can result from either what or what?

A

P 54/55

46
Q

Read over nociceptors and type of nociceptors section. What does nonadapting mean?

A

P 55

47
Q

Chemical pain - describe the release process, primary and secondary hyperalgesia and tissue ischemia

A

Of 56/57

48
Q

Describe mechanical vs thermal pain stimuli

A

P 57

49
Q

Describe the fast and slow types of pain signal transmission

A

P 57/58

50
Q

Describe the laminar pathways for pain transmission (1-6)

A

P 58/59

51
Q

what is the difference between the lateral spinothalamic tract and spinoreticulothalamic tract (for pain transmission)?

A

p 59

52
Q

50-90% of all pain fibres terminate where?

A

reticular formation of the medulla, pons, and mesencephalon

53
Q

what is the significance of the reticular formation in terms of pain?

A

p 59/60

54
Q

what do each of the following areas do in terms of pain reception?

  • ipsilateral cortex
  • frontal lobe
  • temporal lobe
  • hypothalamus
A

p 60

55
Q

describe some of the different mechanisms of peripheral nerve irritation

A

p 60/61

56
Q

what is the general pattern of peripheral neurogenic pain?

A

p 61

57
Q

Nerve root compression - how does pain arise? how does radicular pain present?

A

p 62

58
Q

describe peripheral pain modulation

A

p 62

59
Q

describe spinal pain modulation (with respect to lamina and the substantia gelatinosa)

A

p 62

60
Q

describe the gate control theory of pain modulation

A

p 63/64

61
Q

describe centrally evoked symptoms (ie not arising from peripheral input)

A

p 64

62
Q

describe descending control via the periaqueductal grey area (types of endorphins released and how/where they exert their effects)

A

p 64/65

63
Q

describe cognitive influences on pain (depression and anxiety, respiratory patterns - chronic hyperventilation/apical breathing pattern)

A

p 66/67

64
Q

describe referred pain convergence (segmental vs central, visceral referred vs somatic referred)

A

p 67

65
Q

describe visceral pain in terms of receptor type, what causes it, and locations

A

p 68

66
Q

what are the referral pain patterns for heart, esophagus, GI, gallbladder, pancreas, kidneys, bladder, uterus

A

p 68

Manual Level 1 Exam (17 decks)

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