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anatomy & physiology > the nervous system - CNS > Flashcards

the nervous system - CNS Flashcards

1
Q

overview of nervous system

A

the nervous system detects + responds to changes inside and outside the body to maintain homeostasis (alongside the endocrine system)
-sensory perception
-cognitive functions
-motor functions
-regulatory functions

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2
Q

sensory perception

A

an awareness of internal and external environment

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3
Q

cognitive functions

A

ability to process thought, encapsulating memory, learning, comprehending, speaking etc.

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4
Q

motor functions

A

control of movement

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5
Q

regulatory functions

A

-emotions
-appetite
-heart rate
-breathing
-temperature

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6
Q

nervous system consists of:

A

-central nervous system CNS
-peripheral nervous system PNS

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7
Q

autonomic AFFerent

A

travel via the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves
-like the sensory neurone

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8
Q

autonomic EFFerent

A

travel via the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves
-like the motor neurone

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9
Q

ANATOMICALLY, the central nervous system consists of:

A

-brain (1.4kg)
-spinal cord (C1-L1/2)

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10
Q

FUNCTIONALLY, the central nervous system:

A

-receives input
-integrates stimuli
-triggers a response to stimuli

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11
Q

how is the CNS protected from damage ?

A

-bones
=skull (cranial cavity)
=vertebrae
-meninges
=membranous coverings of the brain
and spinal cord

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12
Q

3 layers of the brain (outside to inside)

A

-cerebral cortex
-limbic system
-central core

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13
Q

cerebrum (cerebral cortex & corpus collosum)

A

-cerebral cortex
=well developed in primates
=controls all the higher order
cognitive functions
=regulates complex processing
(motor control) and olfactory inputs

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14
Q

limbic system (hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala & cingulate cortex)

A

-more developed in mammals than other animals
-regulates emotion + memory
=if we like, we remember it and do it
again
=if we don’t like, we remember it and
don’t do it again

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15
Q

central core (brain stem, thalamus & cerebellum)

A

-in ALL vertebrates
-controls basic functions
-little learning, but basic functions to survive (e.g. heart + breathing rate)

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16
Q

cerebrum

A

-largest part of human brain
-2 hemispheres
-gyri = elevated ridges
-sulci = smooth grooves
-fissures = deep grooves
-intelligence not directly linked to size, but surface area (more gyri)
-human brain has highest neuronal density in cerebral cortex
=highly myelinated neurones -> fast
neural networks

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17
Q

cerebrum has 2 hemispheres, each divided into 4 lobes:

A

-frontal
-parietal
-temporal
-occipital

18
Q

frontal lobe

A

primary motor cortex (motor homunculus)
-voluntary movements

19
Q

parietal lobe

A

primary somatosensory cortex (sensory homunculus)
-(somatic sensation - touch / temp. /
pain + proprioception)
-taste area

20
Q

temporal lobe

A

-auditory area
-olfactory area

21
Q

occipital lobe

A

-visual area

22
Q

cerebrum layers

A

-cerebral cortex
=outermost layer of GREY matter
(neuronal cell bodies
-cerebral medulla
=inner layer of WHITE matter
(myelinated axons)
-corpus collosum
=only connection between the two
hemispheres

23
Q

motor nerve pathways

A

2 neurones carry motor impulses from the brain to the skeletal muscle
-upper motor neurone (UMN)
-lower motor neurone (LMN)
right cerebral cortex controls movement of left body and vice versa

24
Q

upper motor neurone (UMN) - CNS

A

-cell body in motor cortex
-decussates (crosses) in the medulla oblongata
-descends in spinal cord

25
Q

lower motor neurone (LMN) - PNS

A

-at appropriate level in spinal cord, UMN synapses with LMN
-exits spinal cord
-terminates at motor end plate of muscle fibre (NMJ)

26
Q

sensory nerve pathway

A

3 neurones carry sensation from skin to brain
-primary sensory neurone
-secondary sensory neurone
-tertiary sensory neurone
right cerebral cortex sense left body and vice versa

27
Q

primary sensory neurone - PNS

A

-somatic sensory receptors in skin; cell body in posterior root ganglion
-enters spinal cord

28
Q

secondary sensory neurone - CNS

A

-some secondary sensory nerves synapse and decussate immediately (in cord)
-others synapse and decussate in medulla oblongata
-travels to thalamus

29
Q

tertiary sensory neurone - CNS

A

-synapse in thalamus
-travels to somatosensory cortex

30
Q

limbic system

A

-hypothalamus: regulates ANS, controls pituitary hormone release
-hippocampus: memory
-amygdala: aggression
-cingulate cortex: emotional responses to sensory input

31
Q

central core

A

-thalamus
-brain stem
-cerebellum

32
Q

thalamus

A

-all somatic sensory input enters brain via the thalamus

33
Q

brain stem

A

-midbrain
-pons (reg. breathing)
-medulla oblongata (reg. breathing/heart rate + many autonomic reflexes)
-reticular formation (alertness during sleep)

34
Q

cerebellum

A

-co-ordinates movement and posture

35
Q

blood supply to the brain

A

-receives about 15% of the cardiac output (~750ml/min)
-circle of willis ensures good blood supply
-autoregulation

36
Q

autoregulation

A

the ability of an organ to regulate its own blood flow to preserve ideal pressure and flow

37
Q

ventricles produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

-4 irregular shaped cavities within the brain, called ventricles
-they produce and circulate CSF
-CSF travels down the central canal (in the spinal cord) and back up the outside of the spinal cord and over the brain surface

38
Q

purpose of CSF

A

-it is a clear, colourless liquid, its purpose is to:
=cushion brain
=deliver nutrients/remove waste
=maintain constant pressure

39
Q

the spinal cord

A

-extends below the medulla oblongata
=humans: top of C1 to L1/L2
-spinal nerves enter/exit the spinal cord along its length
-below spinal cord are peripheral nerves (PNS) to the lower body

40
Q

spinal cord matter

A

contrasts brain matter arrangement
-GREY matter is located CENTRALLY
-WHITE matter SURROUNDS it

anatomy & physiology (21 decks)

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